Computer Abbreviations:
ACE – Access Control Entry
ACL – Access Control List
ADO – Active Data Objects
AGP – Accelerated Graphics Port
AI – Artificial Intelligence
ALU – Algorithmic Language
API – Arithmetic Logic
UnitAPIPA – Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing
ARP – Address Resolution Protocol
ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASF – Advanced Streaming Format
ASM – Association for Systems Management
ASP – Active Server
PagesATAPI – Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface
ATM – Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AUI – Attachment Unit Interface
AVI – Audio Video Interleave
B2B – Business to Business
B2C – Business to Commerce
BASIC – Beginner’s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
BCD – Binary Coded Decimal
BCR – Bar Code Reader ,
BHTML – Broadcast Hyper Text Markup Language
BOOTP – Bootstrap Protoco
lBPEL – Business Process Execution Language
BINAC – Binary Automatic Computer
BIOS – Basic Input Output SystemBit – Binary Digit
BMP – Bitmap
CAD – Computer Aided DesignCAI – Computer Aided Instruction
CAM – Computer Aided Manufacturing
CASE – Computer Aided Software Engineering
CCNA – Cisco Certified Network Associate
CD – Compact Disc
CDROM – Compact Disk Read Only Memory
CD – RW – Compact Disc Re-WritableCDMA – Code Division Multiple Access
CD – WORM – Compact Disc – Write Once Read Many
C – Dot – Center for Development of Telemetric
C-DAC – Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
CDONTS – Collaboration on Data Objects for Windows NT Server
CGI – Common Gateway Interface
CIDR – Classless Inter-Domain Routing
CLR – Common Language Runtime
CMOS – Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
CMS – Content Management System
CMYK – Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Key (black)
COBOL – Common Business Oriented Language
COM – Component Object
ModelCORBA – Common Object Request Broker Architecture
CPU – Central Processing Unit
CRC – Cyclic Redundancy
CheckCRM – Customer Relationship Management
CROM – Control Read Only
MemoryCRT – Cathode Ray Tube
CSS – Cascading Style Sheets
CTCP – Client-to-Client Protocol
CUI – Character User Interface
DAC – Digital to Analog Converter
DAO – Data Access Objects
DAT – Digital Audio Tape
DBA – Data Base Administrator
DBMS – Data Base Management System
DCOM – Distributed Component Object Mode
lDDL – Data Definition Language
DFS – Distributed File System
DHCP – Domain Host Configuration Protocol
DHTML – Dynamics Hyper Text Markup Language
DLC – Data Link Control
DLL – Dynamic Link Library
DMA – Direct Memory Access
DML – Data Manipulation Language
DNS – Domain Name System
DOM – Document Object Model
DOS – Disk Operating System, Denial Of Service
DDOS – Distributed Denial Of Servicedpi – dots per inch
DSL – Digital Subscriber Line
DSN – Digital Subscriber Network
DTD – Document Type Definition
DVD – Digital Versatile Disc
EBCDIC – Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
E-commerce – Electronic Commerce
EDP – Electronic Data Processing
EFS – Encrypted File System
EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
EJ B – Enterprise Java Beans
ERP – Enterprise Resource Planning
EULA – End User License Agreement
EXE – Executable (file)
FAT – File Allocation Table
FDD – Floppy Disk Drive
FDDI – Fiber Distributed Data Interface
FIFO – First In First Out
FLOPS – Floating Point Operations Per Second
FO – Fiber Optics
FORTRAN – Formula Translation
FTP – File Transfer Protocol
Fps – frames per second
FRAM – Ferro-electric Random Access Memory
GB – Giga Bytes
GIF – Graphic Interchange Format
GIGO – Garbage In Garbage Out
GNU’s – Not Unix
GPL – General Public License
GUI – Graphical User Interface
HDD – Hard Disk
DriveHFS – Hierarchical File System
HP – Hewlett PackardHPC �
Wednesday, September 13, 2017
Tuesday, September 12, 2017
World Geography Questions_and_Answers
#World_Geography_Questions_and_Answers
#Knowledge_For_All
➡1. When does the distance between the sun and the earth is minimum?
A.) January 3
B.) June 21
C.) Sepetember 22
D.) December 22
Answer: Option 'A'
January 3
➡2. When the sun is nearest to the earth, the earth is said to be in
A.) Aphelion
B.) Apogee
C.) Perigee
D.) Perihelion
Answer: Option 'D'
Perihelion
➡3. When does the earth is at its maximum distance from the sun?
A.) January 31
B.) July 4
C.) September 23
D.) December 22
Answer: Option 'B'
July 4
➡4. When is the rate of rotation of the earth is highest on its axis?
A.) January 3
B.) December 22
C.) July 4
D.) It never changes
Answer: Option 'D'
It never changes
➡5. The International Date Line is
A.) Equator
B.) 0° longitude
C.) 90° east longitude
D.) 180° longitude
Answer: Option 'D'
180° longitude
➡6. The difference between solar day and sidereal day is
A.) Both are equal
B.) Solar day longer than sidereal day
C.) Solar day shorter than sidereal day
D.) None of the above
Answer: Option 'B'
Solar day longer than sidereal day
➡7. The average distance between ……… and ………… is called one astronomical unit.
A.) Earth and sun
B.) Earth and moon
C.) Sun and moon
D.) Sun to Pluto
Answer: Option 'A'
Earth and sun
➡8. What percentage of the surface of the moon is visible from the earth?
A.) More than 75%
B.) 50%
C.) 100%
D.) About 59%
Answer: Option 'D'
About 59%
➡9. The unit of measurement of the distance of stars from the sun is called
A.) Light year
B.) Fathoms
C.) Nautical miles
D.) Nano meters
Answer: Option 'A'
Light year
➡10. Which of the following is the largest producer of Coco in Africa?
A.) Ghana
B.) Sudan
C.) Nigeria
D.) Ivory Coast
Answer: Option 'A'
Ghana
➡11. The most thinly populated part of North America is
A.) Alaska
B.) California
C.) Eastern Part of U.S.A.
D.) The region of great lakes
Answer: Option 'A'
Alaska
➡12. ......... is exported from Halifax.
A.) Wood and its articles
B.) Fish and Fruits
C.) Petroleum
D.) Wheat
Answer: Option 'A'
Wood and its articles
➡13. The chief agricultural product of the U.S.A is
A.) Maize
B.) Cotton
C.) Barley
D.) Rice
Answer: Option 'A'
Maize
➡14. Which of the following is the chief occupation of Brazilians?
A.) Sugar Production
B.) Mining
C.) Producing Coffee
D.) Sheep rearing
Answer: Option 'C'
Producing Coffee
➡15. Which of the following implies on the surface of the moon?
A.) Mass and weight becomes lesser
B.) Mass remains constant and only weight becomes lesser
C.) Only mass becomes lesser and weight is constant
D.) Both mass and weight are constant
Answer: Option 'B'
Mass remains constant and only weight becomes lesser
➡16. What is the name of the comet that appears every 76 years?
A.) Alpha Centauri
B.) Donati
C.) Halley
D.) Holmes
Answer: Option 'C'
Halley
➡17. With reference to the sun, the moon’s period of revolution is
A.) Equal to one solar month
B.) Equal to one sidereal month
C.) Equal to one Synodic month
D.) None of the above
Answer: Option 'C'
Equal to one Synodic month
➡18. Which of the following planets lie between mars and Uranus in order of their distances from the sun?
A.) Earth and neptune
B.) Jupiter and Saturn
C.) Saturn and venus
D.) Saturn and Neptune
Answer: Option 'B'
Jupiter and Saturn
➡19. Selene-1, the lunar orbiter mission belongs to
A.) China
B.) European union
C.) Japan
D.) USA
Answer: Option 'C'
Japan
➡20. When will be the longest day in Australia?
A.) March 23
B.) June 21
C.) September 22
D.) December 22
Answer: Option 'D'
December 22
➡21. The difference in the duration of day and night increases as one moves from the ………… to the ………
A.) Equator, poles
B.) Poles, equator
C.) Tropic of cancer, Equator
D.) Tropic of cancer, Tropic of Capricorn
Answer: Option 'A'
Equator, poles
➡22. ......... causes wind to deflect toward left in the southern hemisphere.
A.) Magnetic field
B.) Temperature
C.) Pressure
D.) Rotation of the earth
Answer: Option 'D'
Rotation of the earth
➡23. At what time the South Pole experiences continuous light?
A.) Autumnal equinox
B.) Summer solstice
C.) Vernal equinox
D.) Winter solstice
Answer: Option 'D'
Winter solstice
➡24. The population is very low in one of the following places. What is it?
A.) Southern part of Holland
B.) North plain of Italy
C.) Plain of Douro in Portugal
D.) Interior part of Spain
Answer: Option 'D'
Interior part of Spain
➡25. When one crosses ............, a day is added.
A.) 180° longitude from east to west
B.) 180° longitude from west to east
C.) The equator from north to south
D.) The equator from south to north
Answer: Option 'A'
180° longitude from east to west
➡26. Which weather condition is indicated by a sudden fall in barometer reading?
A.) Stormy weather
B.) Cold and dry weather
C.) Calm weather
D.) Hot and sunny weather
Answer: Option 'C'
Calm weather
➡27. Where does the most of the weather phenomena takes place?
A.) Tropopause
B.) Stratosphere
C.) Troposphere
D.) Ionosphere
Answer: Option 'C'
Troposphere
➡28. ........ layer of the atmosphere maintains an almost uniform horizontal temperature.
A.) Ionosphere
B.) Tropopause
C.) Stratosphere
D.) Troposphere
Answer: Option 'C'
Stratosphere
➡29. When does the thickness of the troposphere increase?
A.) Autumn
B.) Winter
C.) Spring
D.) Summer
Answer: Option 'D'
Summer
➡30. ........ gas in the atmosphere absorbs Ultra Violet.
A.) Ozone
B.) Helium
C.) Methane
D.) Nitrogen
Answer: Option 'A'
Ozone
➡31. The doldrums belt is located at
A.) Equator, poles
B.) Poles, equator
C.) Tropic of cancer, Equator
D.) Tropic of cancer, Tropic of Capricorn
Answer: Option 'A'
Equator, poles
➡32. The name of the winds blowing from subtropical high pressure regions to the equator is
A.) Westerlies
B.) High latitude easterlies
C.) Doldrums
D.) Tropical easterlies
Answer: Option 'D'
Tropical easterlies
➡33. The term 'Horse latitudes' is applied to
A.) 0-5° N and S latitudes
B.) Polar circles
C.) 30-40° N and S latitudes
D.) 40-60° N and S latitudes
Answer: Option 'C'
30-40° N and S latitudes
➡34. What is the biggest fresh water lake in the world?
A.) Baikal lake
B.) Nyasa lake
C.) Superior lake
D.) Victoria lake
Answer: Option 'C'
Superior lake
➡35. One of the following towns is not the railway station of Canadian Pacific Railway. What is it?
A.) Vancouver
B.) San Francisco
C.) Winning
D.) Regina
Answer: Option 'B'
San Francisco
➡36. Where does the river Mississipi fall?
A.) Atlantic Ocean
B.) Superior lake
C.) Pacific Ocean
D.) The Gulf of Mexico
Answer: Option 'D'
The Gulf of Mexico
➡37. Which of the following has the name "Sierra Nevada"?
A.) A mountain in America
B.) A fruit found in America
C.) An animal of America
D.) A disease found in America
Answer: Option 'A'
A mountain in America
➡38. Where is the biggest meat market of the world?
A.) Boston
B.) Chicago
C.) London
D.) Winnipeg
Answer: Option 'B'
​Chicago
➡39. How does the velocity of winds is governed?
A.) Rotation of the earth
B.) Farrel’s law
C.) Pressure gradient
D.) Temperature
Answer: Option 'C'
Pressure gradient
➡40. Near the Tropo pause, over which region the temperature is the highest?
A.) Near the tropic of cancer
B.) Near the tropic of Capricorn
C.) Over the arctic region
D.) Around the equator
Answer: Option 'C'
Over the arctic region
➡41. What is the tributary of Indus that does not flow through Pakistan?
A.) Satluj
B.) Beas
C.) Chenab
D.) Ravi
Answer: Option 'B'
Beas
➡42. ......... plateau is a piedmont plateau.
A.) Kaimur plateau
B.) Ranchi plateau
C.) Rohtas plateau
D.) Malwa plateau
Answer: Option 'D'
Malwa plateau
➡43. What is the instrument used for measuring humidity?
A.) Hygrometer
B.) Hydrometer
C.) Barometer
D.) Thermometer
Answer: Option 'A'
Hygrometer
➡44. ........ is not a planetary wind.
A.) Westerlies
B.) Drainage winds
C.) Trade winds
D.) Easterlies
Answer: Option 'B'
Drainage winds
➡45. The pressure exerted by the atmosphere at sea level is
A.) One kg per sq.cm
B.) One pound per sq.cm
C.) Five kg per sq.cm
D.) Two kg per sq.cm
Answer: Option 'A'
One kg per sq.cm
➡46. What is referred as 'Mackeral sky'?
A.) Cumulonimbus
B.) Cirrocumulus
C.) Cirrostratus
D.) Cirrus
Answer: Option 'B'
Cirrocumulus
➡47. What changes occur if the temperature of water is lowered from 8 to 3 degrees centigrade?
A.) Water will freeze
B.) Water will not change in volume
C.) The volume will first increase & then decrease
D.) The volume will first decrease & then increase
Answer: Option 'D'
The volume will first decrease & then increase
➡48. The chief mineral of Russia is
A.) Coal
B.) Copper
C.) Tin
D.) Iron
Answer: Option 'A'
Coal
➡49. The phenomenon of mid-night sun can be observed in ........ region.
A.) In the tropical zone
B.) In warm temperate regions
C.) In the arctic and Antarctic regions
D.) Anywhere at the time of solar eclipse
Answer: Option 'C'
In the arctic and Antarctic regions
➡50. .......... is called as great Circle.
A.) Arctic circle
B.) Tropic of cancer
C.) Tropic of capricorn
D.) Equator
Answer: Option 'D'
Equator
Monday, September 11, 2017
General information about Pakistan
GENERAL INFORMATION OF PAKISTAN
1=when Pakistan won the cricket world cup?(1992)
2=The National language of pakistan is:(Urdu)
3=The National Game of pakistan is:(Hockey)
4=Pakistan,s National tree is (Deodar)
5=Pakistan,s national juice is (Sugarcane juice)
6=National Bird of pak (Chukor)
7=NATIONAL Animal Of pak is ( Markhor)
8=Which is the oldest airline of pakistan?(oriented Airways)
9=Who is the national poet of pak?(Allama iqbal)
10=Who composed the verses of the National Anthem?( Hafeez Jallandhri)
11=When pakistan conducted its first series of nuclear explosions?(may1998)
12=WHERE THE pakistan,s first radio station was setup?( Karachi)
13=Which is the most densely populated province of pakistan?( punjab)
14=Which is the thinly poplulated province of pakistan?(Baluchistan)
15=Which is the Largest univrsty of pak?(PU lhr)
16=The new name of micro finance band is: ( Khashali Bank)
17=who composed the tune of National Anthem of pakistan?(Abdulkarim chagla)
18=The First Rocket launched by pakistan was(Rahbar)
19=Which is the Largest jungle of pakistan?(Changa Manga)
20=When was the first women bank established in pakstn (Dec 1,1989)
21=What is the range of Ghauri 1 Missile?(1500Km)
22=What is the total length of "Line of control;(720 km)
23=When pakistans govt approved the national Anthem?(1954)
24=Chief Election commissioner of pakistan is appointed for the term of:(3 years)
25=The Number of Judges of Supreme court of pakistan is fixed at:(17)
26=imp..the no of amendments in the pakistans constitution r(22)
27=Picture printed of the Back of RS.5000 Note (Faisal Mosque)
28=A Senator is Elected in pakstn for (6 years)
29=When ,Jasmine, was selected as the national flower of pakistan?(1961)
30=Blind Dolphins r found in which river of pakistan(indus)
Www.gkpnoor.blogspot.com
1=when Pakistan won the cricket world cup?(1992)
2=The National language of pakistan is:(Urdu)
3=The National Game of pakistan is:(Hockey)
4=Pakistan,s National tree is (Deodar)
5=Pakistan,s national juice is (Sugarcane juice)
6=National Bird of pak (Chukor)
7=NATIONAL Animal Of pak is ( Markhor)
8=Which is the oldest airline of pakistan?(oriented Airways)
9=Who is the national poet of pak?(Allama iqbal)
10=Who composed the verses of the National Anthem?( Hafeez Jallandhri)
11=When pakistan conducted its first series of nuclear explosions?(may1998)
12=WHERE THE pakistan,s first radio station was setup?( Karachi)
13=Which is the most densely populated province of pakistan?( punjab)
14=Which is the thinly poplulated province of pakistan?(Baluchistan)
15=Which is the Largest univrsty of pak?(PU lhr)
16=The new name of micro finance band is: ( Khashali Bank)
17=who composed the tune of National Anthem of pakistan?(Abdulkarim chagla)
18=The First Rocket launched by pakistan was(Rahbar)
19=Which is the Largest jungle of pakistan?(Changa Manga)
20=When was the first women bank established in pakstn (Dec 1,1989)
21=What is the range of Ghauri 1 Missile?(1500Km)
22=What is the total length of "Line of control;(720 km)
23=When pakistans govt approved the national Anthem?(1954)
24=Chief Election commissioner of pakistan is appointed for the term of:(3 years)
25=The Number of Judges of Supreme court of pakistan is fixed at:(17)
26=imp..the no of amendments in the pakistans constitution r(22)
27=Picture printed of the Back of RS.5000 Note (Faisal Mosque)
28=A Senator is Elected in pakstn for (6 years)
29=When ,Jasmine, was selected as the national flower of pakistan?(1961)
30=Blind Dolphins r found in which river of pakistan(indus)
Www.gkpnoor.blogspot.com
National symbols and things of Pakistan
#National_Symbols_and_Things_of_Pakistan
List of all the national symbols, heroes and other things of Pakistan with photos and other necessary details.
Every country has its own national symbols, national heroes and some other things known as national identity. Here is a list of national symbols and national things of Pakistan. National symbols of Pakistan were adopted at different times before and after the existence of Pakistan.
#National_Flag_of_Pakistan
Pakistan's National Flag comprises dark green colour with Crescent and Star in it and a vertical white stripe. Green part shows the majority of Muslims and white stripe represents minorities of Pakistan. Syed Amir ud Din Kidwai designed this flag based on the flag of All India Muslim League. It was approved by Constituent Assembly on 11 August, 1947.
#National_Flag_of_Pakistan
National Emblem/ Logo of Pakistan
Below is national emblem of Pakistan. It was adopted in 1954. Its colour is green. Crescent and Star is at the top while Urdu version of Quaid's Motto Faith, Unity and Discipline (ایمان' اتحاد' تنظیم) are written at bottom. In the centre, four major crops of that time (cotton, wheat, tea and jute) are shown in a form of shield and signify the importance of agriculture. This shield is surrounded with beautiful floral design.
#National_Emblem_of_Pakistan
National Anthem of Pakistan
"Pak Sarzamee Shad Baad...." is the national anthem of Pakistan. At the time of Independence, Pakistan has not any national anthem. Ahmed Ghulam Ali Chagla created the composition without lyrics. Later on., Abu Al Asar Hafeez Jullandhri wrote its lyrics. National Anthem of Pakistan is unique as its music preceded its lyrics. National Anthem was first time broadcast on Radio Pakistan on 13 August, 1954 while formally announced by government on 16 August 1954 followed by a performance of 11 singers including Ahmed Rushdi.
#National_Anthem_of_Pakistan
National Language of Pakistan
Urdu is national language of Pakistan while English is official language of Pakistan. Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Seraiki and many other regional languages are also spoken.
#Alphabets_of_National_Language_Urdu
Great Leader / Father of the Pakistani Nation
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah is the founder of Pakistan. He is regarded as father of the nation. Baba e Qaum and Quaid-e-Azam are his titles. He was a lawyer by profession. Muhammad Ali Jinnah served the All India Muslim League from 1913 till 14 August 1947. He was the first Governor General of Pakistan. He died 11 September 1948 at the age of 71 years.
#Quaid_e_Azam_and_Fatima_Jinnah
Mother of the Pakistani Nation
Fatima Jinnah is regarded as the mother of Pakistani nation and known as Madr-i-Millat. She was the younger sister of Quaid-e-Azam. She was a dental surgeon by profession. She actively participated in independence movement with his brother. After independence, she participated in politics of Pakistan. She died on 9 July 1967 at the age of 73 years.
#National_Poet_of_Pakistan
Allama Muhammad Iqbal is the national poet of Pakistan. He was a great poet, philosophy, scholar and leader of Pakistan Movement. He was poet of Urdu and Persian languages. He was born in Sialkot. He gave the idea of Pakistan and Pakistanis also known him as Musawar-e-Pakistan.
#Dr_Allama_Muhammad_Iqbal
National Masjid of Pakistan
Faisal Masjid Islamabad is the national masjid of Pakistan. It is the largest masjid in Pakistan. It was designed by a Turkish Architect Vedat Dalokay in the form of a desert tent. It is named after the late king of Saudi Arabia, Shah Faisal bin Abdul Aziz. Faisal Masjid was completed in 1986. It has 4 minarets of 90m height, 5000 sq. meters is covered area. It has capacity of 74,000 persons in main areas while another 200,000 persons in adjoining grounds.
#Faisal_Masjid_Islamabad
National Monuments of Pakistan
Pakistan Monument Islamabad and Bab-e-Pakistan Lahoreare two national monuments of Pakistan.
National Monument Islamabad was completed in 2007. It represents four provinces and three territories of Pakistan. It is located on Shakar Parian Hills of Islamabad.
Bab-e-Pakistan (Gateway to Pakistan) is built on the site of a major refugee camp at the time of dependence.
#Pakistan_Monument_Islamabad
National Library of Pakistan
National Library of Pakistan is located at Constitution Avenue, Islamabad. It was inaugurated in 1993. It also serves as cultural centre of Islamabad and a working place for Scholars and students.
#Pakistan_National_Library
National Mausoleum of Pakistan
Mazar-e-Quaid is regarded as national mausoleum of Pakistan. Tomb of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah is at this place in Karachi.
#Mazar_e_Quaid_Karachi
National Dress of Pakistan
Shalwar Kameez is the national dress of Pakistan. It has some variation for men and women.
#Shalwar_Kameez_National_Dress_of_Pakistan
National Sports of Pakistan
Field Hockey (or simply Hockey) is the national sport of Pakistan. However Cricket is most popular sport in Pakistan. Squash, Badminton, Boxing, Volley Ball and Kabadi are also played in Pakistan.
#Hockey_National_Sport_of_Pakistan
National Animal of Pakistan
Markhor is the national animal of Pakistan. It usually found on mountains. Its height is about 26 to 45 inches and weight is about 40 to 100 kg. Its colour is tan while sometimes it has white and black shades too. These have corkscrew shaped horns; up to 65 inches long in males and up to 10 inches in females.
#Markhor_National_Animal_of_Pakistan
National Bird of Pakistan
Chukar is the national bird of Pakistan. It is a beautiful bird with light brown back, grey chest and buff belly. Its face is white with black border. Its sound is very nice to listen.
#Chukar_National_Bird_of_Pakistan
National Flower of Pakistan
Jasmine or Gardenia is the national flower of Pakistan. It belongs to the coffee family of plants and has about 250 species of flower plants.
#Jasmine_National_Flower_of_Pakistan
National Tree of Pakistan
Deodar or Cedrus Deodara is the national tree of Pakistan. Its height is about 40 to 60m long and its trunk may be of up to 3m diameter.
#Deodar_National_Tree_of_Pakistan
National Drink of Pakistan
Sugarcane Juice is national drink of Pakistan. It is called "Roh" in Pakistan. In summer season, you can easily find a vendor selling fresh sugarcane juice in Pakistan.
#Sugarcane_Juice_National_Drink_of_Pakistan
National Fruit of Pakistan
Mango is the national fruit of Pakistan. Mango is indigenous to sub-continent. There are different kinds and varieties of mangoes.
List of all the national symbols, heroes and other things of Pakistan with photos and other necessary details.
Every country has its own national symbols, national heroes and some other things known as national identity. Here is a list of national symbols and national things of Pakistan. National symbols of Pakistan were adopted at different times before and after the existence of Pakistan.
#National_Flag_of_Pakistan
Pakistan's National Flag comprises dark green colour with Crescent and Star in it and a vertical white stripe. Green part shows the majority of Muslims and white stripe represents minorities of Pakistan. Syed Amir ud Din Kidwai designed this flag based on the flag of All India Muslim League. It was approved by Constituent Assembly on 11 August, 1947.
#National_Flag_of_Pakistan
National Emblem/ Logo of Pakistan
Below is national emblem of Pakistan. It was adopted in 1954. Its colour is green. Crescent and Star is at the top while Urdu version of Quaid's Motto Faith, Unity and Discipline (ایمان' اتحاد' تنظیم) are written at bottom. In the centre, four major crops of that time (cotton, wheat, tea and jute) are shown in a form of shield and signify the importance of agriculture. This shield is surrounded with beautiful floral design.
#National_Emblem_of_Pakistan
National Anthem of Pakistan
"Pak Sarzamee Shad Baad...." is the national anthem of Pakistan. At the time of Independence, Pakistan has not any national anthem. Ahmed Ghulam Ali Chagla created the composition without lyrics. Later on., Abu Al Asar Hafeez Jullandhri wrote its lyrics. National Anthem of Pakistan is unique as its music preceded its lyrics. National Anthem was first time broadcast on Radio Pakistan on 13 August, 1954 while formally announced by government on 16 August 1954 followed by a performance of 11 singers including Ahmed Rushdi.
#National_Anthem_of_Pakistan
National Language of Pakistan
Urdu is national language of Pakistan while English is official language of Pakistan. Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Seraiki and many other regional languages are also spoken.
#Alphabets_of_National_Language_Urdu
Great Leader / Father of the Pakistani Nation
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah is the founder of Pakistan. He is regarded as father of the nation. Baba e Qaum and Quaid-e-Azam are his titles. He was a lawyer by profession. Muhammad Ali Jinnah served the All India Muslim League from 1913 till 14 August 1947. He was the first Governor General of Pakistan. He died 11 September 1948 at the age of 71 years.
#Quaid_e_Azam_and_Fatima_Jinnah
Mother of the Pakistani Nation
Fatima Jinnah is regarded as the mother of Pakistani nation and known as Madr-i-Millat. She was the younger sister of Quaid-e-Azam. She was a dental surgeon by profession. She actively participated in independence movement with his brother. After independence, she participated in politics of Pakistan. She died on 9 July 1967 at the age of 73 years.
#National_Poet_of_Pakistan
Allama Muhammad Iqbal is the national poet of Pakistan. He was a great poet, philosophy, scholar and leader of Pakistan Movement. He was poet of Urdu and Persian languages. He was born in Sialkot. He gave the idea of Pakistan and Pakistanis also known him as Musawar-e-Pakistan.
#Dr_Allama_Muhammad_Iqbal
National Masjid of Pakistan
Faisal Masjid Islamabad is the national masjid of Pakistan. It is the largest masjid in Pakistan. It was designed by a Turkish Architect Vedat Dalokay in the form of a desert tent. It is named after the late king of Saudi Arabia, Shah Faisal bin Abdul Aziz. Faisal Masjid was completed in 1986. It has 4 minarets of 90m height, 5000 sq. meters is covered area. It has capacity of 74,000 persons in main areas while another 200,000 persons in adjoining grounds.
#Faisal_Masjid_Islamabad
National Monuments of Pakistan
Pakistan Monument Islamabad and Bab-e-Pakistan Lahoreare two national monuments of Pakistan.
National Monument Islamabad was completed in 2007. It represents four provinces and three territories of Pakistan. It is located on Shakar Parian Hills of Islamabad.
Bab-e-Pakistan (Gateway to Pakistan) is built on the site of a major refugee camp at the time of dependence.
#Pakistan_Monument_Islamabad
National Library of Pakistan
National Library of Pakistan is located at Constitution Avenue, Islamabad. It was inaugurated in 1993. It also serves as cultural centre of Islamabad and a working place for Scholars and students.
#Pakistan_National_Library
National Mausoleum of Pakistan
Mazar-e-Quaid is regarded as national mausoleum of Pakistan. Tomb of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah is at this place in Karachi.
#Mazar_e_Quaid_Karachi
National Dress of Pakistan
Shalwar Kameez is the national dress of Pakistan. It has some variation for men and women.
#Shalwar_Kameez_National_Dress_of_Pakistan
National Sports of Pakistan
Field Hockey (or simply Hockey) is the national sport of Pakistan. However Cricket is most popular sport in Pakistan. Squash, Badminton, Boxing, Volley Ball and Kabadi are also played in Pakistan.
#Hockey_National_Sport_of_Pakistan
National Animal of Pakistan
Markhor is the national animal of Pakistan. It usually found on mountains. Its height is about 26 to 45 inches and weight is about 40 to 100 kg. Its colour is tan while sometimes it has white and black shades too. These have corkscrew shaped horns; up to 65 inches long in males and up to 10 inches in females.
#Markhor_National_Animal_of_Pakistan
National Bird of Pakistan
Chukar is the national bird of Pakistan. It is a beautiful bird with light brown back, grey chest and buff belly. Its face is white with black border. Its sound is very nice to listen.
#Chukar_National_Bird_of_Pakistan
National Flower of Pakistan
Jasmine or Gardenia is the national flower of Pakistan. It belongs to the coffee family of plants and has about 250 species of flower plants.
#Jasmine_National_Flower_of_Pakistan
National Tree of Pakistan
Deodar or Cedrus Deodara is the national tree of Pakistan. Its height is about 40 to 60m long and its trunk may be of up to 3m diameter.
#Deodar_National_Tree_of_Pakistan
National Drink of Pakistan
Sugarcane Juice is national drink of Pakistan. It is called "Roh" in Pakistan. In summer season, you can easily find a vendor selling fresh sugarcane juice in Pakistan.
#Sugarcane_Juice_National_Drink_of_Pakistan
National Fruit of Pakistan
Mango is the national fruit of Pakistan. Mango is indigenous to sub-continent. There are different kinds and varieties of mangoes.
General knowledge mcqs
#Pakistan_General_Knowledge_Mcqs
#Knowledge_For_All
• Partition of Bengal announced on 1st Sept: 1905 & implemented on 16 Oct: 1905 by Lord Curzon.
• Partition of Bengal annulled: 10th Dec: 1911 by Lord Hardinge.
• Swadeshi movement was started against Partition of Bengal.
• Bengal divided in East Bengal (Muslim Bengal) & West Bengal (Hindu Bengal) in July 1905 by Lord Curzon. Capital of Muslim Bengal was Dacca and that of Hindu Bengal was Calcutta.
• The partition of Bengal was annulled on 12th Dec: 1911 by King George-V and Queen Marry.
• The president of Simla Deputation (1st Oct: 1906) was Agha Khan III and secretary was Mohsanul Mulk.
• Muslim League founded on 30 Dec: 1906 at Decca.
• ML was formed in the annual session of Muslim Educational Conference in Decca with the proposal of Nawab Salimullah.
• The HQ of ML was established at Lucknnow.
• Initial membership of ML was 400.
• Mohd: Ali Johr wrote the constitution of ML: The Green Book.
• Inagural session of ML was presided by Nawab Samiullah.
• Inagural address was delivered by Nawab Vikarul Mulk.
• First session of ML was held on 30th Dec: 1907 at Karachi.
• First session of ML held in Karachi 31st Dec: 1907 was presided over by Adamjee Pri Bhai of Bombay.
• The original name of Mohsanu-ul-Mulk was Mehdi Ali Khan.
• Original name of Waqaul Mulk was Molvi Mohd: Shah.
• 1st President of ML was Agha Khan III. (upto 1913).
• Sir Agha Khan remained permanent president of ML till 1913.
• First VC of Aligarh University was Agha Khan 3.
• Agha Khan III was born in Karachi and was buried in Egypt.
• Real name of Agha Khan III was Sultan Mohd: Shah.
• First secretary general of ML was Hussain Bilgrami.
• 2nd President of ML was Sir Ali Mohd: Khan when Agha Khan III resigned in 1913.
• Sir Mohammad Shafik was the second general secretary of Muslim League.
• Syyed Amir Ali established ML London in 1908.
• Quaid attended 1st time Muslim League session in 1912. (chk)
• Quaid resigned from Imerial Legislative Council as a protest against Rowlatt Act in 1919.
• Quaid became ML president 1919-1924 (chk it).
• Quaid joined ML 10 Oct 1913.
• Syed Amir Ali resigned from ML in 1913.
• Quaid resigned from Congress and Home Rule League in Dec: 1920 (Nagpur Session) became ML president in 1916. (chk it)
• Quaid held joint membership of ML & Congress for 7 years i.e from 1913-1920
• He presided the ML Lucknow session of 1916 and Delhi session of 1924, became permanent president of ML in 1934.
• Lord Minto came to India as viceroy in 1915.
• Minto Morley reforms 1909: introduced separate electorates.
• Minto Morley reforms: Minto was Indian Viceroy and Morley was state secretary for India.
• Montague Chemsford Reforms came in 1919.
• ML demanded principle of self rule for India in 1913.
• Kanpur mosque incident took place in 1913.
• Jillanwalla Bagh is in Amritsar. It was place where a number of Indian killed by the English on 13th April, 1919.
• General Dair was the army commander of Amritsar during Jullianwala bagh slaughter (1919).
• Lucknow Pact came in Nov: 1916.
• Home Rule Movement was founded by Mrs. Annie Basent an English Parsi lady in 1916 after Lucknew pact.
• Rowalt Act was passed in 1919.
• Khilafat Movement started in 1919 and ended in March 1921.
• All Indai Khilafat committee was founded in Bombay on 5th Juley 1919 and Seth Chuttani became its first president.
• First meeting of All Indai Khilafat Movement was held on 23rd Nov: 1919 and was presided over by Molvi Fazal Haq of Bengl. Its headquarter was at Bombay.
• Khilafat day was observed on 27th October, 1919.
• Indian Khilafat Delegation met with Lloyd George.
• Mopala uuprising in Malabar 1921.
• Chauri Chuara incident tookplace in 1922.
• Non-cooperation movement was called off by Gandhi because of Chauri-Chaura incident 1922.
• Shuddi and Sangathan movement was started at the end of Tahreek Khilafat.
• Sangathan movement was started by Pandit Malavia.
• Treaty of Lausanne was signed in 1923.
• Mustafa Kamal: first president of Turkey on 23rd Oct: 1923.
• Atta Turk means the father of Turks.
• Khilafat was abolished in 1924.
• Last caliph of Turkish State was Abdul Majeed Afandi.
• Hijrat Movement took place in 1924
• Haji Shariat Ullah was born in 1781( Faraizi Movement 1830-57)
• The main aim of Brahma Samaj was Reform in Hinduism.
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded Brahma Samaj.
• Ani- Muslim Arya Samaj (1877) was founded by Dayanand Sirasoti. Arya Samaj was founded in 1875 (chk)
• In 1805, British made Sri Lanka a colony.
• British annexed NWFP in 1849.
• Wardha scheme written by Zakir Hussain.
• Sati was abolished by Lord William Bantink.
• First census in India made during the period of Lord Mayo.
• Moen-jo-DAro & Herapa discovered in 1922.
• Sir John Marshal ordered digging of Moen jo Daro in 1922.
• East India Company was formed in 1600 in London.
• In India French East India company was established in 1664.
• Raishmi Romal campaign started by Ubaidullah Sindhi before war of Independence.
• War of Independence started on 7th May, 1857 from Delhi.
• Lord Canning was the Governor General of India during Sepoy Mutiny.
• In India the first gate of enterance of Europeans was Bengal.
• At Meerath firstly the war of independence was fought.
• War of independence started on 9th May, 1857.
• The first Viceroy of the subcontinent was Lord Canning.
• Queen’s Proclamation was made in 1858.
• Indian National Congress made by Allan O. Hume in 1885.
• First president of Congress was W.C. Benerjee.
• 72 members attended the first meeting of Congress at Bombay out of them only 2 were Muslims.
• Warren Hastings was the first Governor General of Bengal.
• Hindi-Urdu controversy started in 1867.
• Mohsin-ul-Mulk founded Urdu Defence Association.
• Syed Ahmed Khan born on 17th Oct: 1817 in Delhi & died March 241898 at Ali Gargh.
• Sir Syed is buried in Ali Garh Muslim University.
• Tahzibul Ikhelaque was published in 1870. (1867 chk)
• Asrar-us-Sanadeed was compiled by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.
• Reshimi Roomal movement of 1915 started by Maulana Mehmood-ul-Hassan.
• Lord Rippon is associated with the Hunter Commission.
• Lord Dalhousie is associated with Wood’s Dispatch.
• Lord Cornwalls is associated with permanent settlement of Bengal.
• Delhi proposals presented by Quaid-e-Azam in March 1927.
• Nehru Report was produced by Motilal Nehru in 1928.
• Shoaib Qureshi was one muslim member who took part in writing the Nehru Report.
• Fourteen-Points-of-MA Jinnah came in March 1929 from Delhi.
• Simon-Commission-1927 visited India in 1928 and consisted of 7 members.
• British cabinet minister Cripps came to India in March 1942.
• Civil Disobedience Movement started by Gandhi on 12th March, 1930.
• Simon Commission submitted its report in 1930.
• Ist Session of Round-Table-Conferences from 12Nov1930 to 19Jan1931. (Mohd: Ali Johar participated in it, Congress was absent.)
• Congress absent in 1st RTC, leaders were in jail due to civil disobedience.
• Leader in the 1st RTC was Agha Khan III.
• Quaid attended RTC 1, not attended RTC 2&3. After RTC 1, he renounced politics and persued lawyership.
• The PM of England during 1st Roundtable was Ramshy Macdonald.
• 2nd Session of RTC from 7Sep1931 to 31stSep1931. Gandhi represented Congress.
• Gandhi-Irwin pact was made on March 5, 1931.
• 3rd Session of RTC from 17Nov:1932 to 24Dec: 1932.
• British opposition did not participate in RTC III.
• Communal award published in 1932.
• White Paper of RTC published in Marchi 1933.
• Begum Shahnawaz attended one RTC.
• Mohd: Ali Johar Started Comrade & Hamdard (1912) from Calcutta.
• Name of Bi-Aman was Abidi Begum. (chk afridi begum)
• Mohd: Ali Johar borin in1878 at Rampur and died at the age of 54 on 4ht Jan: 1931 at London and was buried in Bait-ul-Mukadas (Jerusalem).
• Wife of Mohd: Ali Johar was Amjadi Begum.
• Moulana Shoukat Ali, the elder brother of Mohd: Ali was born in 1872 and died on 28th Nov: 1938 and buried at Jamia Mosque Delhi.
• Zamidar (1903) started by Zafar Ali Khan from Lahore.
• Daily Dawn (1942) by Quaid.
• Daily Jang (1940) by Mir Khalilur Rehman.
• Daily al-Halal by Abdeul Kalam.
• Ch: Rehmat Ali is associated with Delhi Darbar.
• IN 1908, Iqbal was awarded Ph.D from Munich University for Persian Philosophy.
• Allama Iqbal born on 9th Nov: 1877 at Sialkot and died on 21st April, 1938
• Allama Iqbal was tutored by Moulvi Syed Mir Hassan.
• Iqbal was elected as a member of Punjab Legislative Assembly in 1926 and chosen president of ML in 1930.
• Jinnah means Lion.
• Jinnah means Thiner. He was 5 feet, 11 ½ inches in height.
• Quaid got education of law from Lincolin’s Inn.
• “Quaid” used by Molvi Mazharul Haq in newspaper Al-Aman.
• Wife of Quaid was Ratan Bai.
• Quid’s father was Jinnah Poonja.
• Jinnah Poonja was born in 1850 and married with Mithi Bai.
• Poonja was grand father of Quaid.
• Jinnah joined Congress in 1906& in 1913 ML in London.
• Quaid born on 25th Dec: 1876 and died on 11 Sep: 1948.
• Jinnah joined ML on the insistence of Mohd: Ali Johar and Syed Wazir Hassan.
• Jinnah got admission in at Gokal Das Teg primary school Bombay at the age of 10 he studied for 5 ½ months.
• Jinnah went to London and got law degree at the age of 18 form LINCONINN.
• Sir Dinsha was the father of Ratna (the wife of Jinnah).
• Ratna embrassed Islam on 18th April 1918 and married Jinnah on 19th April 1918. before that she was Parsi. She died on 20th Feb: 1929 and was buried in Aram Bagh Bombay.
• Islamia High School Peshawar was founded in 1890.
• Muslim Aligargh University was established in 1920.
• Treaty of Amritsar took place in 1876.
• Kashmir was sold to Gulab Singh in 1845.
• NWFP was given status of province in 1901.
• Shakespeare (not William Shakespeare) was the governor of Banarus.
• Mohammadan Political Association was formed in 1903.
• Sir Syed wrote Loyal Mohammandan’s of India & Causes of Indian Revolt.
• Hayate-e-Javed is written by Maulana Hali about Sir Syed.
• In Indai English education was first initiated in Bengal in 1835.
• Shah Waliullah was born in Delhi.
• Madressah Rahimiya was established by Shah Abdul Rahim.
• Scientific society was established in 1863.
• Albert Bill was presented in 1883
• NWFP was separated from Punjab by the British in 1901, Lord Curzon was then the viceroy and GG of British India.
• Mohammadan Educational Conference was formed on 27 Dec: 1886 by Sir Syed.
• Muhammadan Literacy Society of Calcutta founded in 1860.
• “Indian Patriotic Association” was founded in 1861.
• Nidwatul Ulema (1884) was founded by Molvi Abdul Ghafoor Qasim Nativi. Nadvat-ul-Ulema was founded in 1894 and Maulvi Abdul Ghafoor was its founder.(chk)
• Darul-ul Deoband (1867) was founded by Mohd: Qasim Nanavatavi.
• MAO College founded on Jan: 8, 1877 and inaugurated by Governor General Lord Lyton.
• Present Sindhi alphabets made by Sir Barter Frere in 1883.
• Anjuman-e-himayat-Islam was founded in 1884.
• Sindh Madrasa built by Hassan Ali Afandi on 1st Sep: 1885.
• DJ (Diwan Dayaram Jethmal) Science College was opened by Governor of Bombay Lord Reay on 17th Jan: 1887.
• Who amongst the following were the first to invade India? Arabs
• Real name of Mohammad-bin-qasims was Amadudin Mohammad (Pillar of Deen).
• Mohd: Bin Qasim was nephew and son-in-law of Hajjaj bin Yousuf the Governor of Iraq (Omayad Period). He came to Sindh with 12 thousand men.
• Mohd: bin Qasim conquered Sindh during Ummayads.
• Siskar was Waziir of Dahir.
• Mohd: bin Qasim tortured to death in Iraq by Sulaiman.
• The Abbasid governor Hisham came to Sindh in 757 A.D.
• Shabudding Ghori was the founder of Islamic State in India.
• Qutubudin Aibk was the founder of slave dynasty after Ghoris.
• Ghiyasuddin Tughluq was the first sultan of Tughluq dynasty.
• Aurangzeb reimposed ‘Jaziya’?
• Ibn Batutah visited India in reign of Muhammad-bin Tughluq
• Babur used artillery in warfare.
• Emperor Shahjahan= Khurram Shihab-ud-din
• Akbar prohibited the practice of Sati?
• Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya’s Dargah is located at Delhi.
• Baba Farid Gang Shakar was the first Punjabi poet.
• Waris shah is called the ‘Shakespeare of Punjabi literature’.
• Tomb named Khawaja Moin ud Din Chisti is in Ajmer.
• Hazrat Bullay Shah was a famous Sufi poet of Punjabi language. His tomb is in the city of Kasur.
• Thatta was the capital city of Sindh during Argons and Turkans
• Mohd: bin Tughlaq introduced tokens currency firstly.
• Akbar the Great was born in Umar Kot.
• Shalamar Bagh was built by Shah Jahan (Shahabuddin Mohd: Shah Jahan) (also called Shahzada Khuram)
• Jahan Ara begum was the daughter of Shah Jahan
• Mehmood set out on Somnath on17 Oct: 1024 A.D.
• 1st battle of Tarrin was fought b/w Mohd: Ghouri & Rajput (1191), Ghori was defeated. In 1192 A.D, the 2nd battle of Tarrin, Ghori wins.
• Ahmed Shah Abdali was the King of Kabul.
• Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated Marhatas in 1761.
• Pan Islamism introduced by Jamaludding Afghani.
• Nadir Shah of Iran invaded Delhi during the period of Mohd: Shah Rangila (The Moughal Emperor).
• Original name of Tippu Sultan was Nawab Fateh Ali.
• 4th May 1799 was the day of Shahadat of Tippu Sultan.
• The original name of Sultan Siraj Doullah (the Nawab of Bengal) was Mirza Mohd:
• Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757 b/w Clive and Siraj-ud-Daula which established British rule in Bengal.
• Sindh was annexed by Birtish in 1847 and was separated from Bombay in 1935 vide India Act 1935.
• First war of freedom was fought in 1757 b/w Siraju Doullah and Rober Clive.
•Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi is known as Majaddid Alf Sani.
• Sheikh Ahmad Sirhandi was born in 1564.
• Mausm Khan, soldier of Titu Mir was sentenced to death.
• Hajatullah al-Balaghah written by Shah Waliullah.
• Shah waliullah born in 1703. Shah Waliullah died in 1763.
• Shah Alam II was an ally of Mir Qasim in the Battle of Buxar.
• During Jehangir’s reign Sir Thomas Roe and Captain Hawkins visited Moghul court to secure commercial privileges.
• Real name of Shah Waliullah was Ahmed and his historical name was Azimuddin.
• Haji Shareetullah of Bengal was the founder of Farazi Tehriz in 1802. Farazi Tehriz meant to pay more attention on fundamental of Islam.
• Syed Ahmed of Rai Brelli (Oudh) was the founde of Jehad Tehrik against Sikhs. He was martyred at Balakot (NWF) in 1831.
• Battle of Buxar was fought in 1764.
#Knowledge_For_All
• Partition of Bengal announced on 1st Sept: 1905 & implemented on 16 Oct: 1905 by Lord Curzon.
• Partition of Bengal annulled: 10th Dec: 1911 by Lord Hardinge.
• Swadeshi movement was started against Partition of Bengal.
• Bengal divided in East Bengal (Muslim Bengal) & West Bengal (Hindu Bengal) in July 1905 by Lord Curzon. Capital of Muslim Bengal was Dacca and that of Hindu Bengal was Calcutta.
• The partition of Bengal was annulled on 12th Dec: 1911 by King George-V and Queen Marry.
• The president of Simla Deputation (1st Oct: 1906) was Agha Khan III and secretary was Mohsanul Mulk.
• Muslim League founded on 30 Dec: 1906 at Decca.
• ML was formed in the annual session of Muslim Educational Conference in Decca with the proposal of Nawab Salimullah.
• The HQ of ML was established at Lucknnow.
• Initial membership of ML was 400.
• Mohd: Ali Johr wrote the constitution of ML: The Green Book.
• Inagural session of ML was presided by Nawab Samiullah.
• Inagural address was delivered by Nawab Vikarul Mulk.
• First session of ML was held on 30th Dec: 1907 at Karachi.
• First session of ML held in Karachi 31st Dec: 1907 was presided over by Adamjee Pri Bhai of Bombay.
• The original name of Mohsanu-ul-Mulk was Mehdi Ali Khan.
• Original name of Waqaul Mulk was Molvi Mohd: Shah.
• 1st President of ML was Agha Khan III. (upto 1913).
• Sir Agha Khan remained permanent president of ML till 1913.
• First VC of Aligarh University was Agha Khan 3.
• Agha Khan III was born in Karachi and was buried in Egypt.
• Real name of Agha Khan III was Sultan Mohd: Shah.
• First secretary general of ML was Hussain Bilgrami.
• 2nd President of ML was Sir Ali Mohd: Khan when Agha Khan III resigned in 1913.
• Sir Mohammad Shafik was the second general secretary of Muslim League.
• Syyed Amir Ali established ML London in 1908.
• Quaid attended 1st time Muslim League session in 1912. (chk)
• Quaid resigned from Imerial Legislative Council as a protest against Rowlatt Act in 1919.
• Quaid became ML president 1919-1924 (chk it).
• Quaid joined ML 10 Oct 1913.
• Syed Amir Ali resigned from ML in 1913.
• Quaid resigned from Congress and Home Rule League in Dec: 1920 (Nagpur Session) became ML president in 1916. (chk it)
• Quaid held joint membership of ML & Congress for 7 years i.e from 1913-1920
• He presided the ML Lucknow session of 1916 and Delhi session of 1924, became permanent president of ML in 1934.
• Lord Minto came to India as viceroy in 1915.
• Minto Morley reforms 1909: introduced separate electorates.
• Minto Morley reforms: Minto was Indian Viceroy and Morley was state secretary for India.
• Montague Chemsford Reforms came in 1919.
• ML demanded principle of self rule for India in 1913.
• Kanpur mosque incident took place in 1913.
• Jillanwalla Bagh is in Amritsar. It was place where a number of Indian killed by the English on 13th April, 1919.
• General Dair was the army commander of Amritsar during Jullianwala bagh slaughter (1919).
• Lucknow Pact came in Nov: 1916.
• Home Rule Movement was founded by Mrs. Annie Basent an English Parsi lady in 1916 after Lucknew pact.
• Rowalt Act was passed in 1919.
• Khilafat Movement started in 1919 and ended in March 1921.
• All Indai Khilafat committee was founded in Bombay on 5th Juley 1919 and Seth Chuttani became its first president.
• First meeting of All Indai Khilafat Movement was held on 23rd Nov: 1919 and was presided over by Molvi Fazal Haq of Bengl. Its headquarter was at Bombay.
• Khilafat day was observed on 27th October, 1919.
• Indian Khilafat Delegation met with Lloyd George.
• Mopala uuprising in Malabar 1921.
• Chauri Chuara incident tookplace in 1922.
• Non-cooperation movement was called off by Gandhi because of Chauri-Chaura incident 1922.
• Shuddi and Sangathan movement was started at the end of Tahreek Khilafat.
• Sangathan movement was started by Pandit Malavia.
• Treaty of Lausanne was signed in 1923.
• Mustafa Kamal: first president of Turkey on 23rd Oct: 1923.
• Atta Turk means the father of Turks.
• Khilafat was abolished in 1924.
• Last caliph of Turkish State was Abdul Majeed Afandi.
• Hijrat Movement took place in 1924
• Haji Shariat Ullah was born in 1781( Faraizi Movement 1830-57)
• The main aim of Brahma Samaj was Reform in Hinduism.
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded Brahma Samaj.
• Ani- Muslim Arya Samaj (1877) was founded by Dayanand Sirasoti. Arya Samaj was founded in 1875 (chk)
• In 1805, British made Sri Lanka a colony.
• British annexed NWFP in 1849.
• Wardha scheme written by Zakir Hussain.
• Sati was abolished by Lord William Bantink.
• First census in India made during the period of Lord Mayo.
• Moen-jo-DAro & Herapa discovered in 1922.
• Sir John Marshal ordered digging of Moen jo Daro in 1922.
• East India Company was formed in 1600 in London.
• In India French East India company was established in 1664.
• Raishmi Romal campaign started by Ubaidullah Sindhi before war of Independence.
• War of Independence started on 7th May, 1857 from Delhi.
• Lord Canning was the Governor General of India during Sepoy Mutiny.
• In India the first gate of enterance of Europeans was Bengal.
• At Meerath firstly the war of independence was fought.
• War of independence started on 9th May, 1857.
• The first Viceroy of the subcontinent was Lord Canning.
• Queen’s Proclamation was made in 1858.
• Indian National Congress made by Allan O. Hume in 1885.
• First president of Congress was W.C. Benerjee.
• 72 members attended the first meeting of Congress at Bombay out of them only 2 were Muslims.
• Warren Hastings was the first Governor General of Bengal.
• Hindi-Urdu controversy started in 1867.
• Mohsin-ul-Mulk founded Urdu Defence Association.
• Syed Ahmed Khan born on 17th Oct: 1817 in Delhi & died March 241898 at Ali Gargh.
• Sir Syed is buried in Ali Garh Muslim University.
• Tahzibul Ikhelaque was published in 1870. (1867 chk)
• Asrar-us-Sanadeed was compiled by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.
• Reshimi Roomal movement of 1915 started by Maulana Mehmood-ul-Hassan.
• Lord Rippon is associated with the Hunter Commission.
• Lord Dalhousie is associated with Wood’s Dispatch.
• Lord Cornwalls is associated with permanent settlement of Bengal.
• Delhi proposals presented by Quaid-e-Azam in March 1927.
• Nehru Report was produced by Motilal Nehru in 1928.
• Shoaib Qureshi was one muslim member who took part in writing the Nehru Report.
• Fourteen-Points-of-MA Jinnah came in March 1929 from Delhi.
• Simon-Commission-1927 visited India in 1928 and consisted of 7 members.
• British cabinet minister Cripps came to India in March 1942.
• Civil Disobedience Movement started by Gandhi on 12th March, 1930.
• Simon Commission submitted its report in 1930.
• Ist Session of Round-Table-Conferences from 12Nov1930 to 19Jan1931. (Mohd: Ali Johar participated in it, Congress was absent.)
• Congress absent in 1st RTC, leaders were in jail due to civil disobedience.
• Leader in the 1st RTC was Agha Khan III.
• Quaid attended RTC 1, not attended RTC 2&3. After RTC 1, he renounced politics and persued lawyership.
• The PM of England during 1st Roundtable was Ramshy Macdonald.
• 2nd Session of RTC from 7Sep1931 to 31stSep1931. Gandhi represented Congress.
• Gandhi-Irwin pact was made on March 5, 1931.
• 3rd Session of RTC from 17Nov:1932 to 24Dec: 1932.
• British opposition did not participate in RTC III.
• Communal award published in 1932.
• White Paper of RTC published in Marchi 1933.
• Begum Shahnawaz attended one RTC.
• Mohd: Ali Johar Started Comrade & Hamdard (1912) from Calcutta.
• Name of Bi-Aman was Abidi Begum. (chk afridi begum)
• Mohd: Ali Johar borin in1878 at Rampur and died at the age of 54 on 4ht Jan: 1931 at London and was buried in Bait-ul-Mukadas (Jerusalem).
• Wife of Mohd: Ali Johar was Amjadi Begum.
• Moulana Shoukat Ali, the elder brother of Mohd: Ali was born in 1872 and died on 28th Nov: 1938 and buried at Jamia Mosque Delhi.
• Zamidar (1903) started by Zafar Ali Khan from Lahore.
• Daily Dawn (1942) by Quaid.
• Daily Jang (1940) by Mir Khalilur Rehman.
• Daily al-Halal by Abdeul Kalam.
• Ch: Rehmat Ali is associated with Delhi Darbar.
• IN 1908, Iqbal was awarded Ph.D from Munich University for Persian Philosophy.
• Allama Iqbal born on 9th Nov: 1877 at Sialkot and died on 21st April, 1938
• Allama Iqbal was tutored by Moulvi Syed Mir Hassan.
• Iqbal was elected as a member of Punjab Legislative Assembly in 1926 and chosen president of ML in 1930.
• Jinnah means Lion.
• Jinnah means Thiner. He was 5 feet, 11 ½ inches in height.
• Quaid got education of law from Lincolin’s Inn.
• “Quaid” used by Molvi Mazharul Haq in newspaper Al-Aman.
• Wife of Quaid was Ratan Bai.
• Quid’s father was Jinnah Poonja.
• Jinnah Poonja was born in 1850 and married with Mithi Bai.
• Poonja was grand father of Quaid.
• Jinnah joined Congress in 1906& in 1913 ML in London.
• Quaid born on 25th Dec: 1876 and died on 11 Sep: 1948.
• Jinnah joined ML on the insistence of Mohd: Ali Johar and Syed Wazir Hassan.
• Jinnah got admission in at Gokal Das Teg primary school Bombay at the age of 10 he studied for 5 ½ months.
• Jinnah went to London and got law degree at the age of 18 form LINCONINN.
• Sir Dinsha was the father of Ratna (the wife of Jinnah).
• Ratna embrassed Islam on 18th April 1918 and married Jinnah on 19th April 1918. before that she was Parsi. She died on 20th Feb: 1929 and was buried in Aram Bagh Bombay.
• Islamia High School Peshawar was founded in 1890.
• Muslim Aligargh University was established in 1920.
• Treaty of Amritsar took place in 1876.
• Kashmir was sold to Gulab Singh in 1845.
• NWFP was given status of province in 1901.
• Shakespeare (not William Shakespeare) was the governor of Banarus.
• Mohammadan Political Association was formed in 1903.
• Sir Syed wrote Loyal Mohammandan’s of India & Causes of Indian Revolt.
• Hayate-e-Javed is written by Maulana Hali about Sir Syed.
• In Indai English education was first initiated in Bengal in 1835.
• Shah Waliullah was born in Delhi.
• Madressah Rahimiya was established by Shah Abdul Rahim.
• Scientific society was established in 1863.
• Albert Bill was presented in 1883
• NWFP was separated from Punjab by the British in 1901, Lord Curzon was then the viceroy and GG of British India.
• Mohammadan Educational Conference was formed on 27 Dec: 1886 by Sir Syed.
• Muhammadan Literacy Society of Calcutta founded in 1860.
• “Indian Patriotic Association” was founded in 1861.
• Nidwatul Ulema (1884) was founded by Molvi Abdul Ghafoor Qasim Nativi. Nadvat-ul-Ulema was founded in 1894 and Maulvi Abdul Ghafoor was its founder.(chk)
• Darul-ul Deoband (1867) was founded by Mohd: Qasim Nanavatavi.
• MAO College founded on Jan: 8, 1877 and inaugurated by Governor General Lord Lyton.
• Present Sindhi alphabets made by Sir Barter Frere in 1883.
• Anjuman-e-himayat-Islam was founded in 1884.
• Sindh Madrasa built by Hassan Ali Afandi on 1st Sep: 1885.
• DJ (Diwan Dayaram Jethmal) Science College was opened by Governor of Bombay Lord Reay on 17th Jan: 1887.
• Who amongst the following were the first to invade India? Arabs
• Real name of Mohammad-bin-qasims was Amadudin Mohammad (Pillar of Deen).
• Mohd: Bin Qasim was nephew and son-in-law of Hajjaj bin Yousuf the Governor of Iraq (Omayad Period). He came to Sindh with 12 thousand men.
• Mohd: bin Qasim conquered Sindh during Ummayads.
• Siskar was Waziir of Dahir.
• Mohd: bin Qasim tortured to death in Iraq by Sulaiman.
• The Abbasid governor Hisham came to Sindh in 757 A.D.
• Shabudding Ghori was the founder of Islamic State in India.
• Qutubudin Aibk was the founder of slave dynasty after Ghoris.
• Ghiyasuddin Tughluq was the first sultan of Tughluq dynasty.
• Aurangzeb reimposed ‘Jaziya’?
• Ibn Batutah visited India in reign of Muhammad-bin Tughluq
• Babur used artillery in warfare.
• Emperor Shahjahan= Khurram Shihab-ud-din
• Akbar prohibited the practice of Sati?
• Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya’s Dargah is located at Delhi.
• Baba Farid Gang Shakar was the first Punjabi poet.
• Waris shah is called the ‘Shakespeare of Punjabi literature’.
• Tomb named Khawaja Moin ud Din Chisti is in Ajmer.
• Hazrat Bullay Shah was a famous Sufi poet of Punjabi language. His tomb is in the city of Kasur.
• Thatta was the capital city of Sindh during Argons and Turkans
• Mohd: bin Tughlaq introduced tokens currency firstly.
• Akbar the Great was born in Umar Kot.
• Shalamar Bagh was built by Shah Jahan (Shahabuddin Mohd: Shah Jahan) (also called Shahzada Khuram)
• Jahan Ara begum was the daughter of Shah Jahan
• Mehmood set out on Somnath on17 Oct: 1024 A.D.
• 1st battle of Tarrin was fought b/w Mohd: Ghouri & Rajput (1191), Ghori was defeated. In 1192 A.D, the 2nd battle of Tarrin, Ghori wins.
• Ahmed Shah Abdali was the King of Kabul.
• Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated Marhatas in 1761.
• Pan Islamism introduced by Jamaludding Afghani.
• Nadir Shah of Iran invaded Delhi during the period of Mohd: Shah Rangila (The Moughal Emperor).
• Original name of Tippu Sultan was Nawab Fateh Ali.
• 4th May 1799 was the day of Shahadat of Tippu Sultan.
• The original name of Sultan Siraj Doullah (the Nawab of Bengal) was Mirza Mohd:
• Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757 b/w Clive and Siraj-ud-Daula which established British rule in Bengal.
• Sindh was annexed by Birtish in 1847 and was separated from Bombay in 1935 vide India Act 1935.
• First war of freedom was fought in 1757 b/w Siraju Doullah and Rober Clive.
•Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi is known as Majaddid Alf Sani.
• Sheikh Ahmad Sirhandi was born in 1564.
• Mausm Khan, soldier of Titu Mir was sentenced to death.
• Hajatullah al-Balaghah written by Shah Waliullah.
• Shah waliullah born in 1703. Shah Waliullah died in 1763.
• Shah Alam II was an ally of Mir Qasim in the Battle of Buxar.
• During Jehangir’s reign Sir Thomas Roe and Captain Hawkins visited Moghul court to secure commercial privileges.
• Real name of Shah Waliullah was Ahmed and his historical name was Azimuddin.
• Haji Shareetullah of Bengal was the founder of Farazi Tehriz in 1802. Farazi Tehriz meant to pay more attention on fundamental of Islam.
• Syed Ahmed of Rai Brelli (Oudh) was the founde of Jehad Tehrik against Sikhs. He was martyred at Balakot (NWF) in 1831.
• Battle of Buxar was fought in 1764.
Specual features of the countries - NTS
#Specaul_Features_Of_The_Countries
1. Special Features Of Bangladesh?
Ans : Produces 89 p.c of the world's Raw Jute.
2. Special Features Of Belguim?
Ans : The Most Densely Populated Country In Europe.
Anterwp is the worlds's biggest diamond -trading centre
3. Special Features Of Brazil?
Ans : the largest state in south america both in area and population . it leads the world in the production of coffee and castor beans.
4. Special Features Of Chile?
Ans : In Chile the only natural nitrate in the world is found. About 47 p.c. of the worlds's iodine is obtained by product in nitrate processing
5. Special Features Of Columbia ?
Ans : Produces 95 p.c of the world gem emeralds.
6. Special Features Of Cuba ?
Ans: Cuba is the second largest cane- sugar producer in the world . India being first in cane-sugar production.
7. Special Features Of Denmark?
Ans: The oldest Kingdom of Europe, is a constitutional monarchy.
8. Special Features of Ecuador?
Ans: Ecuador is the world's chief source of supply of balsa, a light wood. it exports more bananas than other country.
9. Special Features Of Ghana ?
Ans : Ghana is the world's leading cocoa producer. About 40p.c of world output is produces by Ghana.
10. Special Features Of Indonesia?
Ans: Indonesia is the main producer if petroleum in far East.
11. Special Features Of Italy?
Ans: Italy is the world's largest producer of mercury.
12. Special Features Of Jamaica?
Ans: Jamaica is the world's largest producer of bauxite.
13. Special Features Of Japan?
Ans: Japan is the most highly industrialized country in the Far East. it is the biggest Ship-building nation and the fourth largest auto market in the world.
14. Special Features Of Kenya?
Ans: Kenya is the largest producer of tea in Africa.
15. Special Features Of North Korea?
Ans: North Korea is a leading country in the output of tungsten , graphite and magnesite.
16. Special Features Of Kuwait?
Ans: Kuwait is the world's second largest exporter and fourth largest producer of crude oil.
17. Special Features Of Malaysia?
Ans: Malaysia is the world's largest producer of rubber and tin.
18. Special Features Of Mexico?
Ans: Mexico is the world leader in the production of silver , sisal , hemp and circle for chewing gum.
19. Special Features Of Monaco?
Ans: Monaco is the smalest state in the world with the largest density of population per square mile.
20. Special Features Of Nepal?
Ans: Nepal is the only hindu independent state in the world. Mount Everest , the highest peak in the world (29028ft) is situated in Nepal. Nepal has produced the toughest fighting men in the world. It is the World's best rice producer.
21. Special Features Of Nicaragua?
Ans: Nicaragua is the largest of the Central American States.
22. Special Features Of Norway?
Ans: Norway is the land of the Midnight Sun where the middle of May until the end of July. The sun does not rise above the horizon from November 18 to January 23. Varicolored Northern Lights, or Aurora Borealis, are visible in winter . Norway is great sea-faring nation and its merchant marine is now the world third largest in the world.
23. Special Features Of Peru?
Ans: Ranks fifth in the world in silver mining and produces 25p.c of the world's vanadium . it is the world;s top fishing country.
24. Special Features Of Portugal?
Ans: Leads the world in the production of Cork.
25. Special Features Of South Africa?
Ans: leads the world in production of gold , diamonds , platinum , and antimony and is one of the richest country in uranium , vanadium , chrome , manganese , and asbestos.
26. Special Features Of Sri Lanka?
Ans: the largest tea exporting country in the world
27. Special Features Of Sudan?
Ans: the world's principal source of gum Arabic
28. Special Features Of Turkey?
Ans: the largest producer of chrome in the world.
29. Special Features Of Uganda?
Ans: the largest coffee producer in the british commonwealth.
30. Special Features Of USSR?
Ans: the largest country in the world. it is the richest country in the world in mineral resources having deposits of almost every known mineral. it ranks among the top producers of oil , chromite , iron ore , petroleum , gold , copper , manganese , aluminium , platinum , asbestos , salt , etc.
31. Special Features Of Zaire?
Ans: the world's largest producer of industrial diamond and cobalt. Other minerals are gold , silver , tin , zinc , iron , copper , tungsten , manganese , uranium , radium , etc.
1. Special Features Of Bangladesh?
Ans : Produces 89 p.c of the world's Raw Jute.
2. Special Features Of Belguim?
Ans : The Most Densely Populated Country In Europe.
Anterwp is the worlds's biggest diamond -trading centre
3. Special Features Of Brazil?
Ans : the largest state in south america both in area and population . it leads the world in the production of coffee and castor beans.
4. Special Features Of Chile?
Ans : In Chile the only natural nitrate in the world is found. About 47 p.c. of the worlds's iodine is obtained by product in nitrate processing
5. Special Features Of Columbia ?
Ans : Produces 95 p.c of the world gem emeralds.
6. Special Features Of Cuba ?
Ans: Cuba is the second largest cane- sugar producer in the world . India being first in cane-sugar production.
7. Special Features Of Denmark?
Ans: The oldest Kingdom of Europe, is a constitutional monarchy.
8. Special Features of Ecuador?
Ans: Ecuador is the world's chief source of supply of balsa, a light wood. it exports more bananas than other country.
9. Special Features Of Ghana ?
Ans : Ghana is the world's leading cocoa producer. About 40p.c of world output is produces by Ghana.
10. Special Features Of Indonesia?
Ans: Indonesia is the main producer if petroleum in far East.
11. Special Features Of Italy?
Ans: Italy is the world's largest producer of mercury.
12. Special Features Of Jamaica?
Ans: Jamaica is the world's largest producer of bauxite.
13. Special Features Of Japan?
Ans: Japan is the most highly industrialized country in the Far East. it is the biggest Ship-building nation and the fourth largest auto market in the world.
14. Special Features Of Kenya?
Ans: Kenya is the largest producer of tea in Africa.
15. Special Features Of North Korea?
Ans: North Korea is a leading country in the output of tungsten , graphite and magnesite.
16. Special Features Of Kuwait?
Ans: Kuwait is the world's second largest exporter and fourth largest producer of crude oil.
17. Special Features Of Malaysia?
Ans: Malaysia is the world's largest producer of rubber and tin.
18. Special Features Of Mexico?
Ans: Mexico is the world leader in the production of silver , sisal , hemp and circle for chewing gum.
19. Special Features Of Monaco?
Ans: Monaco is the smalest state in the world with the largest density of population per square mile.
20. Special Features Of Nepal?
Ans: Nepal is the only hindu independent state in the world. Mount Everest , the highest peak in the world (29028ft) is situated in Nepal. Nepal has produced the toughest fighting men in the world. It is the World's best rice producer.
21. Special Features Of Nicaragua?
Ans: Nicaragua is the largest of the Central American States.
22. Special Features Of Norway?
Ans: Norway is the land of the Midnight Sun where the middle of May until the end of July. The sun does not rise above the horizon from November 18 to January 23. Varicolored Northern Lights, or Aurora Borealis, are visible in winter . Norway is great sea-faring nation and its merchant marine is now the world third largest in the world.
23. Special Features Of Peru?
Ans: Ranks fifth in the world in silver mining and produces 25p.c of the world's vanadium . it is the world;s top fishing country.
24. Special Features Of Portugal?
Ans: Leads the world in the production of Cork.
25. Special Features Of South Africa?
Ans: leads the world in production of gold , diamonds , platinum , and antimony and is one of the richest country in uranium , vanadium , chrome , manganese , and asbestos.
26. Special Features Of Sri Lanka?
Ans: the largest tea exporting country in the world
27. Special Features Of Sudan?
Ans: the world's principal source of gum Arabic
28. Special Features Of Turkey?
Ans: the largest producer of chrome in the world.
29. Special Features Of Uganda?
Ans: the largest coffee producer in the british commonwealth.
30. Special Features Of USSR?
Ans: the largest country in the world. it is the richest country in the world in mineral resources having deposits of almost every known mineral. it ranks among the top producers of oil , chromite , iron ore , petroleum , gold , copper , manganese , aluminium , platinum , asbestos , salt , etc.
31. Special Features Of Zaire?
Ans: the world's largest producer of industrial diamond and cobalt. Other minerals are gold , silver , tin , zinc , iron , copper , tungsten , manganese , uranium , radium , etc.
Css - How to write Essay?
#Parts_of_an_Essay
1- Introduction
2- Supporting Paragraphs
3- Summary Paragraph
Introduction Paragraph
What is an introduction paragraph?
The introduction paragraph is the first paragraph of your essay.
What does it do?
It introduces the main idea of your essay. A good opening paragraph captures the interest of your reader and tells why your topic is important.
How do I write one?
1. Write the thesis statement. The main idea of the essay is stated in a single sentence called the thesis statement. You must limit your entire essay to the topic you have introduced in your thesis statement.
2. Provide some background information about your topic. You can use interesting facts, quotations, or definitions of important terms you will use later in the essay.
Example:
Hockey has been a part of life in Canada for over 120 years. It has evolved into an extremely popular sport watched and played by millions of Canadians. The game has gone through several changes since hockey was first played in Canada.
Supporting Paragraphs
What are supporting paragraphs?
Supporting paragraphs make up the main body of your essay.
What do they do?
They develop the main idea of your essay.
How do I write them?
1. List the points that develop the main idea of your essay.
2. Place each supporting point in its own paragraph.
3. Develop each supporting point with facts, details, and examples.
To connect your supporting paragraphs, you should use special transition words. Transition words link your paragraphs together and make your essay easier to read. Use them at the beginning and end of your paragraphs.
Examples of transition words that can help you to link your paragraphs together:
For listing different points
1 First
2 Second
3 Third
For counter examples
1 However
2 Even though
3 On the other hand
4 Nevertheless
For additional ideas
1 Another
2 In addition to
3 Related to
4 Furthermore
To show cause and effect
1 Therefore
2 Thus
3 As a result of
4 Consequently
Like all good paragraphs, each supporting paragraph should have a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a summary sentence.
Summary Paragraph
What is a summary paragraph?
The summary paragraph comes at the end of your essay after you have finished developing your ideas. The summary paragraph is often called a "conclusion."
What does it do?
It summarizes or restates the main idea of the essay. You want to leave the reader with a sense that your essay is complete.
How do I write one?
1. Restate the strongest points of your essay that support your main idea.
2. Conclude your essay by restating the main idea in different words.
3. Give your personal opinion or suggest a plan for action.
Example:
Overall, the changes that occurred in hockey have helped to improve the game. Hockey is faster and more exciting as a result of changes in the past 120 years. For these reasons, modern hockey is a better game than hockey in the 1890s.
How to Write an Essay
1- Prewriting Essays
2- Writing Essays
3- Editing Essays
4- Publishing Essays
Prewriting Essays
What is the prewriting stage?
The prewriting stage is when you prepare your ideas for your essay before you begin writing. You will find it easier to write your essay if you build an outline first, especially when you are writing longer assignments.
Six Prewriting Steps:
1. Think carefully about what you are going to write. Ask yourself: What question am I going to answer in this paragraph or essay? How can I best answer this question? What is the most important part of my answer? How can I make an introductory sentence (or thesis statement) from the most important part of my answer? What facts or ideas can I use to support my introductory sentence? How can I make this paragraph or essay interesting? Do I need more facts on this topic? Where can I find more facts on this topic?
2. Open your notebook. Write out your answers to the above questions. You do not need to spend a lot of time doing this; just write enough to help you remember why and how you are going to write your paragraph or essay.
3. Collect facts related to your paragraph or essay topic. Look for and write down facts that will help you to answer your question. Timesaving hint: make sure the facts you are writing are related to the exact question you are going to answer in your paragraph or essay.
4. Write down your own ideas. Ask yourself: What else do I want to say about this topic? Why should people be interested in this topic? Why is this topic important?
5. Find the main idea of your paragraph or essay. Choose the most important point you are going to present. If you cannot decide which point is the most important, just choose one point and stick to it throughout your paragraph or essay.
6. Organize your facts and ideas in a way that develops your main idea. Once you have chosen the most important point of your paragraph or essay, you must find the best way to tell your reader about it. Look at the facts you have written. Look at your own ideas on the topic. Decide which facts and ideas will best support the main idea of your essay. Once you have chosen the facts and ideas you plan to use, ask yourself which order to put them in the essay. Write down your own note set that you can use to guide yourself as you write your essay.
Writing Essays
What is the writing stage?
The writing stage is when you turn your ideas into sentences.
Five Writing Steps:
1. For the introduction, write the thesis statement and give some background information.
2. Develop each supporting paragraph and make sure to follow the correct paragraph format.
3. Write clear and simple sentences to express your meaning.
4. Focus on the main idea of your essay.
5. Use a dictionary to help you find additional words to express your meaning.
Editing Essays
What is the editing stage?
The editing stage is when you check your essay for mistakes and correct them.
Editing Steps:
Grammar and Spelling
1. Check your spelling.
2. Check your grammar.
3. Read your essay again.
4. Make sure each sentence has a subject.
5. Make sure your subjects and verbs agree with each other.
6. Check the verb tenses of each sentence.
7. Make sure that each sentence makes sense.
Style and Organization
1. Make sure your essay has an introduction, supporting paragraphs, and a summary paragraph.
2. Check that you have a thesis statement that identifies the main idea of the essay.
3. Check that all your paragraphs follow the proper paragraph format.
4. See if your essay is interesting.
Publishing Essays
What is the publishing stage?
The publishing stage is when you produce a final copy of your essay to hand in.
Publishing Steps:
1. Make a paper copy of your essay.
2. Show your work to your teacher, tutor, or parents or any expert.
3. Ask them for hints on how to improve your writing.
Kinds of Essays
1- Definition
2- Classification
3- Description
4- Compare and Contrast
5- Sequence
6- Choice
7- Explanation
8- Evaluation
Definition Essay
When you are writing a definition essay, you take a term or an idea and write about what it is. Often, definitions are combined with classification or other forms of organization in the essay. You need to give a careful definition of the key term before going on to discuss different types or examples.
Example question: Write an essay defining energy resources and discuss the different types.
Introduction: Define the key term energy resources.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Define one type of energy resources: renewable resources.
2. Define another type of energy resources: non-renewable resources.
Summary paragraph: Summarize energy resources.
Classification Essay
In a classification essay, you separate things or ideas into specific categories and discuss each of them. You organize the essay by defining each classification and by giving examples of each type.
Example question: Write an essay discussing the three types of government in Canada.
Introduction: Give background information about government in Canada.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Define and describe federal government.
2. Define and describe provincial governments.
3. Define and describe municipal governments.
Summary paragraph: Summarize government in Canada.
Description Essay
In a description essay, you write about what a person, place, or thing is like. You organize the essay by describing different parts or aspects of the main subject.
Example question: Write an essay describing the polar bear.
Introduction: Introduce what a polar bear is.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Describe where the polar bear lives.
2. Describe the body of the polar bear.
3. Describe what the polar eats.
Summary paragraph: Summarize what a polar bear is.
Compare and Contrast Essay
In a compare and contrast essay, you write about the similarities and differences between two or more people, places, or things. You can organize the essay by writing about one subject first and then comparing it with the second subject. A more effective way is to organize the essay by comparing each subject by category.
Example: Write an essay comparing the weather in Vancouver and Halifax.
Introduction: Introduce weather in the cities of Vancouver and Halifax.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Compare weather in spring and summer for both
cities. State how they are similar or different.
2. Compare weather in fall and winter for both
cities. State how they are similar or different.
Summary paragraph: Summarize the similarities and differences.
Sequence Essay
In a sequence essay, you are writing to describe a series of events or a process in some sort of order. Usually, this order is based on time. You organize the essay by writing about each step of the process in the order it occurred.
Example question: Write an essay outlining the stages of the salmon life cycle.
Introduction: Describe what a salmon is like.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Describe young salmon.
2. Describe adult salmon.
3. Describe what salmon do before they die.
Summary paragraph: Summarize the main steps of the salmon life cycle.
Choice Essay
In a choice essay, you need to choose which object, idea, or action that you prefer. You organize the essay by describing each option and then giving your opinion.
Example question: Write an essay choosing between hockey in the 1890s and hockey today.
Introduction: Introduce the game of hockey.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Describe hockey in the 1890s.
2. Describe hockey today.
3. State which form of hockey you prefer and why.
Summary paragraph: Summarize the game of hockey.
Explanation Essay
In an explanation essay, you explain how or why something happens or has happened. You need to explain different causes and effects. You should organize the essay by explaining each individual cause or effect.
Example question:
Write an essay explaining why so many Europeans moved
to Canada during the early nineteenth century.
Introduction: Give background information on European immigration during this time.
Supporting paragraphs:
1. Explain first reason: poor economy in Europe.
2. Explain second reason: better living conditions in Canada.
Summary paragraph: Summarize main reasons.
Evaluation Essay
In an evaluation essay, you make judgments about people, ideas, and possible actions. You make your evaluation based on certain criteria that you develop. Organize the essay by discussing the criteria you used to make your judgment.
Example question:
Write an essay evaluating the importance of the House of Commons.
Introduction:
Give your judgment on whether the House of Commons is important.
Supporting paragraphs:
1. Explain first criteria: meeting place for government
2. Explain second criteria: represent Canadians
3. Explain third criteria: make laws for Canada
Summary paragraph:
Conclude with an overall judgment about the House of CommonParts of an Essay
1- Introduction
2- Supporting Paragraphs
3- Summary Paragraph
Introduction Paragraph
What is an introduction paragraph?
The introduction paragraph is the first paragraph of your essay.
What does it do?
It introduces the main idea of your essay. A good opening paragraph captures the interest of your reader and tells why your topic is important.
How do I write one?
1. Write the thesis statement. The main idea of the essay is stated in a single sentence called the thesis statement. You must limit your entire essay to the topic you have introduced in your thesis statement.
2. Provide some background information about your topic. You can use interesting facts, quotations, or definitions of important terms you will use later in the essay.
Example:
Hockey has been a part of life in Canada for over 120 years. It has evolved into an extremely popular sport watched and played by millions of Canadians. The game has gone through several changes since hockey was first played in Canada.
Supporting Paragraphs
What are supporting paragraphs?
Supporting paragraphs make up the main body of your essay.
What do they do?
They develop the main idea of your essay.
How do I write them?
1. List the points that develop the main idea of your essay.
2. Place each supporting point in its own paragraph.
3. Develop each supporting point with facts, details, and examples.
To connect your supporting paragraphs, you should use special transition words. Transition words link your paragraphs together and make your essay easier to read. Use them at the beginning and end of your paragraphs.
Examples of transition words that can help you to link your paragraphs together:
For listing different points
1 First
2 Second
3 Third
For counter examples
1 However
2 Even though
3 On the other hand
4 Nevertheless
For additional ideas
1 Another
2 In addition to
3 Related to
4 Furthermore
To show cause and effect
1 Therefore
2 Thus
3 As a result of
4 Consequently
Like all good paragraphs, each supporting paragraph should have a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a summary sentence.
Summary Paragraph
What is a summary paragraph?
The summary paragraph comes at the end of your essay after you have finished developing your ideas. The summary paragraph is often called a "conclusion."
What does it do?
It summarizes or restates the main idea of the essay. You want to leave the reader with a sense that your essay is complete.
How do I write one?
1. Restate the strongest points of your essay that support your main idea.
2. Conclude your essay by restating the main idea in different words.
3. Give your personal opinion or suggest a plan for action.
Example:
Overall, the changes that occurred in hockey have helped to improve the game. Hockey is faster and more exciting as a result of changes in the past 120 years. For these reasons, modern hockey is a better game than hockey in the 1890s.
How to Write an Essay
1- Prewriting Essays
2- Writing Essays
3- Editing Essays
4- Publishing Essays
Prewriting Essays
What is the prewriting stage?
The prewriting stage is when you prepare your ideas for your essay before you begin writing. You will find it easier to write your essay if you build an outline first, especially when you are writing longer assignments.
Six Prewriting Steps:
1. Think carefully about what you are going to write. Ask yourself: What question am I going to answer in this paragraph or essay? How can I best answer this question? What is the most important part of my answer? How can I make an introductory sentence (or thesis statement) from the most important part of my answer? What facts or ideas can I use to support my introductory sentence? How can I make this paragraph or essay interesting? Do I need more facts on this topic? Where can I find more facts on this topic?
2. Open your notebook. Write out your answers to the above questions. You do not need to spend a lot of time doing this; just write enough to help you remember why and how you are going to write your paragraph or essay.
3. Collect facts related to your paragraph or essay topic. Look for and write down facts that will help you to answer your question. Timesaving hint: make sure the facts you are writing are related to the exact question you are going to answer in your paragraph or essay.
4. Write down your own ideas. Ask yourself: What else do I want to say about this topic? Why should people be interested in this topic? Why is this topic important?
5. Find the main idea of your paragraph or essay. Choose the most important point you are going to present. If you cannot decide which point is the most important, just choose one point and stick to it throughout your paragraph or essay.
6. Organize your facts and ideas in a way that develops your main idea. Once you have chosen the most important point of your paragraph or essay, you must find the best way to tell your reader about it. Look at the facts you have written. Look at your own ideas on the topic. Decide which facts and ideas will best support the main idea of your essay. Once you have chosen the facts and ideas you plan to use, ask yourself which order to put them in the essay. Write down your own note set that you can use to guide yourself as you write your essay.
Writing Essays
What is the writing stage?
The writing stage is when you turn your ideas into sentences.
Five Writing Steps:
1. For the introduction, write the thesis statement and give some background information.
2. Develop each supporting paragraph and make sure to follow the correct paragraph format.
3. Write clear and simple sentences to express your meaning.
4. Focus on the main idea of your essay.
5. Use a dictionary to help you find additional words to express your meaning.
Editing Essays
What is the editing stage?
The editing stage is when you check your essay for mistakes and correct them.
Editing Steps:
Grammar and Spelling
1. Check your spelling.
2. Check your grammar.
3. Read your essay again.
4. Make sure each sentence has a subject.
5. Make sure your subjects and verbs agree with each other.
6. Check the verb tenses of each sentence.
7. Make sure that each sentence makes sense.
Style and Organization
1. Make sure your essay has an introduction, supporting paragraphs, and a summary paragraph.
2. Check that you have a thesis statement that identifies the main idea of the essay.
3. Check that all your paragraphs follow the proper paragraph format.
4. See if your essay is interesting.
Publishing Essays
What is the publishing stage?
The publishing stage is when you produce a final copy of your essay to hand in.
Publishing Steps:
1. Make a paper copy of your essay.
2. Show your work to your teacher, tutor, or parents or any expert.
3. Ask them for hints on how to improve your writing.
Kinds of Essays
1- Definition
2- Classification
3- Description
4- Compare and Contrast
5- Sequence
6- Choice
7- Explanation
8- Evaluation
Definition Essay
When you are writing a definition essay, you take a term or an idea and write about what it is. Often, definitions are combined with classification or other forms of organization in the essay. You need to give a careful definition of the key term before going on to discuss different types or examples.
Example question: Write an essay defining energy resources and discuss the different types.
Introduction: Define the key term energy resources.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Define one type of energy resources: renewable resources.
2. Define another type of energy resources: non-renewable resources.
Summary paragraph: Summarize energy resources.
Classification Essay
In a classification essay, you separate things or ideas into specific categories and discuss each of them. You organize the essay by defining each classification and by giving examples of each type.
Example question: Write an essay discussing the three types of government in Canada.
Introduction: Give background information about government in Canada.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Define and describe federal government.
2. Define and describe provincial governments.
3. Define and describe municipal governments.
Summary paragraph: Summarize government in Canada.
Description Essay
In a description essay, you write about what a person, place, or thing is like. You organize the essay by describing different parts or aspects of the main subject.
Example question: Write an essay describing the polar bear.
Introduction: Introduce what a polar bear is.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Describe where the polar bear lives.
2. Describe the body of the polar bear.
3. Describe what the polar eats.
Summary paragraph: Summarize what a polar bear is.
Compare and Contrast Essay
In a compare and contrast essay, you write about the similarities and differences between two or more people, places, or things. You can organize the essay by writing about one subject first and then comparing it with the second subject. A more effective way is to organize the essay by comparing each subject by category.
Example: Write an essay comparing the weather in Vancouver and Halifax.
Introduction: Introduce weather in the cities of Vancouver and Halifax.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Compare weather in spring and summer for both
cities. State how they are similar or different.
2. Compare weather in fall and winter for both
cities. State how they are similar or different.
Summary paragraph: Summarize the similarities and differences.
Sequence Essay
In a sequence essay, you are writing to describe a series of events or a process in some sort of order. Usually, this order is based on time. You organize the essay by writing about each step of the process in the order it occurred.
Example question: Write an essay outlining the stages of the salmon life cycle.
Introduction: Describe what a salmon is like.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Describe young salmon.
2. Describe adult salmon.
3. Describe what salmon do before they die.
Summary paragraph: Summarize the main steps of the salmon life cycle.
Choice Essay
In a choice essay, you need to choose which object, idea, or action that you prefer. You organize the essay by describing each option and then giving your opinion.
Example question: Write an essay choosing between hockey in the 1890s and hockey today.
Introduction: Introduce the game of hockey.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Describe hockey in the 1890s.
2. Describe hockey today.
3. State which form of hockey you prefer and why.
Summary paragraph: Summarize the game of hockey.
Explanation Essay
In an explanation essay, you explain how or why something happens or has happened. You need to explain different causes and effects. You should organize the essay by explaining each individual cause or effect.
Example question:
Write an essay explaining why so many Europeans moved
to Canada during the early nineteenth century.
Introduction: Give background information on European immigration during this time.
Supporting paragraphs:
1. Explain first reason: poor economy in Europe.
2. Explain second reason: better living conditions in Canada.
Summary paragraph: Summarize main reasons.
Evaluation Essay
In an evaluation essay, you make judgments about people, ideas, and possible actions. You make your evaluation based on certain criteria that you develop. Organize the essay by discussing the criteria you used to make your judgment.
Example question:
Write an essay evaluating the importance of the House of Commons.
Introduction:
Give your judgment on whether the House of Commons is important.
Supporting paragraphs:
1. Explain first criteria: meeting place for government
2. Explain second criteria: represent Canadians
3. Explain third criteria: make laws for Canada
Summary paragraph:
Conclude with an overall judgment about the House of Common
1- Introduction
2- Supporting Paragraphs
3- Summary Paragraph
Introduction Paragraph
What is an introduction paragraph?
The introduction paragraph is the first paragraph of your essay.
What does it do?
It introduces the main idea of your essay. A good opening paragraph captures the interest of your reader and tells why your topic is important.
How do I write one?
1. Write the thesis statement. The main idea of the essay is stated in a single sentence called the thesis statement. You must limit your entire essay to the topic you have introduced in your thesis statement.
2. Provide some background information about your topic. You can use interesting facts, quotations, or definitions of important terms you will use later in the essay.
Example:
Hockey has been a part of life in Canada for over 120 years. It has evolved into an extremely popular sport watched and played by millions of Canadians. The game has gone through several changes since hockey was first played in Canada.
Supporting Paragraphs
What are supporting paragraphs?
Supporting paragraphs make up the main body of your essay.
What do they do?
They develop the main idea of your essay.
How do I write them?
1. List the points that develop the main idea of your essay.
2. Place each supporting point in its own paragraph.
3. Develop each supporting point with facts, details, and examples.
To connect your supporting paragraphs, you should use special transition words. Transition words link your paragraphs together and make your essay easier to read. Use them at the beginning and end of your paragraphs.
Examples of transition words that can help you to link your paragraphs together:
For listing different points
1 First
2 Second
3 Third
For counter examples
1 However
2 Even though
3 On the other hand
4 Nevertheless
For additional ideas
1 Another
2 In addition to
3 Related to
4 Furthermore
To show cause and effect
1 Therefore
2 Thus
3 As a result of
4 Consequently
Like all good paragraphs, each supporting paragraph should have a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a summary sentence.
Summary Paragraph
What is a summary paragraph?
The summary paragraph comes at the end of your essay after you have finished developing your ideas. The summary paragraph is often called a "conclusion."
What does it do?
It summarizes or restates the main idea of the essay. You want to leave the reader with a sense that your essay is complete.
How do I write one?
1. Restate the strongest points of your essay that support your main idea.
2. Conclude your essay by restating the main idea in different words.
3. Give your personal opinion or suggest a plan for action.
Example:
Overall, the changes that occurred in hockey have helped to improve the game. Hockey is faster and more exciting as a result of changes in the past 120 years. For these reasons, modern hockey is a better game than hockey in the 1890s.
How to Write an Essay
1- Prewriting Essays
2- Writing Essays
3- Editing Essays
4- Publishing Essays
Prewriting Essays
What is the prewriting stage?
The prewriting stage is when you prepare your ideas for your essay before you begin writing. You will find it easier to write your essay if you build an outline first, especially when you are writing longer assignments.
Six Prewriting Steps:
1. Think carefully about what you are going to write. Ask yourself: What question am I going to answer in this paragraph or essay? How can I best answer this question? What is the most important part of my answer? How can I make an introductory sentence (or thesis statement) from the most important part of my answer? What facts or ideas can I use to support my introductory sentence? How can I make this paragraph or essay interesting? Do I need more facts on this topic? Where can I find more facts on this topic?
2. Open your notebook. Write out your answers to the above questions. You do not need to spend a lot of time doing this; just write enough to help you remember why and how you are going to write your paragraph or essay.
3. Collect facts related to your paragraph or essay topic. Look for and write down facts that will help you to answer your question. Timesaving hint: make sure the facts you are writing are related to the exact question you are going to answer in your paragraph or essay.
4. Write down your own ideas. Ask yourself: What else do I want to say about this topic? Why should people be interested in this topic? Why is this topic important?
5. Find the main idea of your paragraph or essay. Choose the most important point you are going to present. If you cannot decide which point is the most important, just choose one point and stick to it throughout your paragraph or essay.
6. Organize your facts and ideas in a way that develops your main idea. Once you have chosen the most important point of your paragraph or essay, you must find the best way to tell your reader about it. Look at the facts you have written. Look at your own ideas on the topic. Decide which facts and ideas will best support the main idea of your essay. Once you have chosen the facts and ideas you plan to use, ask yourself which order to put them in the essay. Write down your own note set that you can use to guide yourself as you write your essay.
Writing Essays
What is the writing stage?
The writing stage is when you turn your ideas into sentences.
Five Writing Steps:
1. For the introduction, write the thesis statement and give some background information.
2. Develop each supporting paragraph and make sure to follow the correct paragraph format.
3. Write clear and simple sentences to express your meaning.
4. Focus on the main idea of your essay.
5. Use a dictionary to help you find additional words to express your meaning.
Editing Essays
What is the editing stage?
The editing stage is when you check your essay for mistakes and correct them.
Editing Steps:
Grammar and Spelling
1. Check your spelling.
2. Check your grammar.
3. Read your essay again.
4. Make sure each sentence has a subject.
5. Make sure your subjects and verbs agree with each other.
6. Check the verb tenses of each sentence.
7. Make sure that each sentence makes sense.
Style and Organization
1. Make sure your essay has an introduction, supporting paragraphs, and a summary paragraph.
2. Check that you have a thesis statement that identifies the main idea of the essay.
3. Check that all your paragraphs follow the proper paragraph format.
4. See if your essay is interesting.
Publishing Essays
What is the publishing stage?
The publishing stage is when you produce a final copy of your essay to hand in.
Publishing Steps:
1. Make a paper copy of your essay.
2. Show your work to your teacher, tutor, or parents or any expert.
3. Ask them for hints on how to improve your writing.
Kinds of Essays
1- Definition
2- Classification
3- Description
4- Compare and Contrast
5- Sequence
6- Choice
7- Explanation
8- Evaluation
Definition Essay
When you are writing a definition essay, you take a term or an idea and write about what it is. Often, definitions are combined with classification or other forms of organization in the essay. You need to give a careful definition of the key term before going on to discuss different types or examples.
Example question: Write an essay defining energy resources and discuss the different types.
Introduction: Define the key term energy resources.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Define one type of energy resources: renewable resources.
2. Define another type of energy resources: non-renewable resources.
Summary paragraph: Summarize energy resources.
Classification Essay
In a classification essay, you separate things or ideas into specific categories and discuss each of them. You organize the essay by defining each classification and by giving examples of each type.
Example question: Write an essay discussing the three types of government in Canada.
Introduction: Give background information about government in Canada.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Define and describe federal government.
2. Define and describe provincial governments.
3. Define and describe municipal governments.
Summary paragraph: Summarize government in Canada.
Description Essay
In a description essay, you write about what a person, place, or thing is like. You organize the essay by describing different parts or aspects of the main subject.
Example question: Write an essay describing the polar bear.
Introduction: Introduce what a polar bear is.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Describe where the polar bear lives.
2. Describe the body of the polar bear.
3. Describe what the polar eats.
Summary paragraph: Summarize what a polar bear is.
Compare and Contrast Essay
In a compare and contrast essay, you write about the similarities and differences between two or more people, places, or things. You can organize the essay by writing about one subject first and then comparing it with the second subject. A more effective way is to organize the essay by comparing each subject by category.
Example: Write an essay comparing the weather in Vancouver and Halifax.
Introduction: Introduce weather in the cities of Vancouver and Halifax.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Compare weather in spring and summer for both
cities. State how they are similar or different.
2. Compare weather in fall and winter for both
cities. State how they are similar or different.
Summary paragraph: Summarize the similarities and differences.
Sequence Essay
In a sequence essay, you are writing to describe a series of events or a process in some sort of order. Usually, this order is based on time. You organize the essay by writing about each step of the process in the order it occurred.
Example question: Write an essay outlining the stages of the salmon life cycle.
Introduction: Describe what a salmon is like.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Describe young salmon.
2. Describe adult salmon.
3. Describe what salmon do before they die.
Summary paragraph: Summarize the main steps of the salmon life cycle.
Choice Essay
In a choice essay, you need to choose which object, idea, or action that you prefer. You organize the essay by describing each option and then giving your opinion.
Example question: Write an essay choosing between hockey in the 1890s and hockey today.
Introduction: Introduce the game of hockey.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Describe hockey in the 1890s.
2. Describe hockey today.
3. State which form of hockey you prefer and why.
Summary paragraph: Summarize the game of hockey.
Explanation Essay
In an explanation essay, you explain how or why something happens or has happened. You need to explain different causes and effects. You should organize the essay by explaining each individual cause or effect.
Example question:
Write an essay explaining why so many Europeans moved
to Canada during the early nineteenth century.
Introduction: Give background information on European immigration during this time.
Supporting paragraphs:
1. Explain first reason: poor economy in Europe.
2. Explain second reason: better living conditions in Canada.
Summary paragraph: Summarize main reasons.
Evaluation Essay
In an evaluation essay, you make judgments about people, ideas, and possible actions. You make your evaluation based on certain criteria that you develop. Organize the essay by discussing the criteria you used to make your judgment.
Example question:
Write an essay evaluating the importance of the House of Commons.
Introduction:
Give your judgment on whether the House of Commons is important.
Supporting paragraphs:
1. Explain first criteria: meeting place for government
2. Explain second criteria: represent Canadians
3. Explain third criteria: make laws for Canada
Summary paragraph:
Conclude with an overall judgment about the House of CommonParts of an Essay
1- Introduction
2- Supporting Paragraphs
3- Summary Paragraph
Introduction Paragraph
What is an introduction paragraph?
The introduction paragraph is the first paragraph of your essay.
What does it do?
It introduces the main idea of your essay. A good opening paragraph captures the interest of your reader and tells why your topic is important.
How do I write one?
1. Write the thesis statement. The main idea of the essay is stated in a single sentence called the thesis statement. You must limit your entire essay to the topic you have introduced in your thesis statement.
2. Provide some background information about your topic. You can use interesting facts, quotations, or definitions of important terms you will use later in the essay.
Example:
Hockey has been a part of life in Canada for over 120 years. It has evolved into an extremely popular sport watched and played by millions of Canadians. The game has gone through several changes since hockey was first played in Canada.
Supporting Paragraphs
What are supporting paragraphs?
Supporting paragraphs make up the main body of your essay.
What do they do?
They develop the main idea of your essay.
How do I write them?
1. List the points that develop the main idea of your essay.
2. Place each supporting point in its own paragraph.
3. Develop each supporting point with facts, details, and examples.
To connect your supporting paragraphs, you should use special transition words. Transition words link your paragraphs together and make your essay easier to read. Use them at the beginning and end of your paragraphs.
Examples of transition words that can help you to link your paragraphs together:
For listing different points
1 First
2 Second
3 Third
For counter examples
1 However
2 Even though
3 On the other hand
4 Nevertheless
For additional ideas
1 Another
2 In addition to
3 Related to
4 Furthermore
To show cause and effect
1 Therefore
2 Thus
3 As a result of
4 Consequently
Like all good paragraphs, each supporting paragraph should have a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a summary sentence.
Summary Paragraph
What is a summary paragraph?
The summary paragraph comes at the end of your essay after you have finished developing your ideas. The summary paragraph is often called a "conclusion."
What does it do?
It summarizes or restates the main idea of the essay. You want to leave the reader with a sense that your essay is complete.
How do I write one?
1. Restate the strongest points of your essay that support your main idea.
2. Conclude your essay by restating the main idea in different words.
3. Give your personal opinion or suggest a plan for action.
Example:
Overall, the changes that occurred in hockey have helped to improve the game. Hockey is faster and more exciting as a result of changes in the past 120 years. For these reasons, modern hockey is a better game than hockey in the 1890s.
How to Write an Essay
1- Prewriting Essays
2- Writing Essays
3- Editing Essays
4- Publishing Essays
Prewriting Essays
What is the prewriting stage?
The prewriting stage is when you prepare your ideas for your essay before you begin writing. You will find it easier to write your essay if you build an outline first, especially when you are writing longer assignments.
Six Prewriting Steps:
1. Think carefully about what you are going to write. Ask yourself: What question am I going to answer in this paragraph or essay? How can I best answer this question? What is the most important part of my answer? How can I make an introductory sentence (or thesis statement) from the most important part of my answer? What facts or ideas can I use to support my introductory sentence? How can I make this paragraph or essay interesting? Do I need more facts on this topic? Where can I find more facts on this topic?
2. Open your notebook. Write out your answers to the above questions. You do not need to spend a lot of time doing this; just write enough to help you remember why and how you are going to write your paragraph or essay.
3. Collect facts related to your paragraph or essay topic. Look for and write down facts that will help you to answer your question. Timesaving hint: make sure the facts you are writing are related to the exact question you are going to answer in your paragraph or essay.
4. Write down your own ideas. Ask yourself: What else do I want to say about this topic? Why should people be interested in this topic? Why is this topic important?
5. Find the main idea of your paragraph or essay. Choose the most important point you are going to present. If you cannot decide which point is the most important, just choose one point and stick to it throughout your paragraph or essay.
6. Organize your facts and ideas in a way that develops your main idea. Once you have chosen the most important point of your paragraph or essay, you must find the best way to tell your reader about it. Look at the facts you have written. Look at your own ideas on the topic. Decide which facts and ideas will best support the main idea of your essay. Once you have chosen the facts and ideas you plan to use, ask yourself which order to put them in the essay. Write down your own note set that you can use to guide yourself as you write your essay.
Writing Essays
What is the writing stage?
The writing stage is when you turn your ideas into sentences.
Five Writing Steps:
1. For the introduction, write the thesis statement and give some background information.
2. Develop each supporting paragraph and make sure to follow the correct paragraph format.
3. Write clear and simple sentences to express your meaning.
4. Focus on the main idea of your essay.
5. Use a dictionary to help you find additional words to express your meaning.
Editing Essays
What is the editing stage?
The editing stage is when you check your essay for mistakes and correct them.
Editing Steps:
Grammar and Spelling
1. Check your spelling.
2. Check your grammar.
3. Read your essay again.
4. Make sure each sentence has a subject.
5. Make sure your subjects and verbs agree with each other.
6. Check the verb tenses of each sentence.
7. Make sure that each sentence makes sense.
Style and Organization
1. Make sure your essay has an introduction, supporting paragraphs, and a summary paragraph.
2. Check that you have a thesis statement that identifies the main idea of the essay.
3. Check that all your paragraphs follow the proper paragraph format.
4. See if your essay is interesting.
Publishing Essays
What is the publishing stage?
The publishing stage is when you produce a final copy of your essay to hand in.
Publishing Steps:
1. Make a paper copy of your essay.
2. Show your work to your teacher, tutor, or parents or any expert.
3. Ask them for hints on how to improve your writing.
Kinds of Essays
1- Definition
2- Classification
3- Description
4- Compare and Contrast
5- Sequence
6- Choice
7- Explanation
8- Evaluation
Definition Essay
When you are writing a definition essay, you take a term or an idea and write about what it is. Often, definitions are combined with classification or other forms of organization in the essay. You need to give a careful definition of the key term before going on to discuss different types or examples.
Example question: Write an essay defining energy resources and discuss the different types.
Introduction: Define the key term energy resources.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Define one type of energy resources: renewable resources.
2. Define another type of energy resources: non-renewable resources.
Summary paragraph: Summarize energy resources.
Classification Essay
In a classification essay, you separate things or ideas into specific categories and discuss each of them. You organize the essay by defining each classification and by giving examples of each type.
Example question: Write an essay discussing the three types of government in Canada.
Introduction: Give background information about government in Canada.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Define and describe federal government.
2. Define and describe provincial governments.
3. Define and describe municipal governments.
Summary paragraph: Summarize government in Canada.
Description Essay
In a description essay, you write about what a person, place, or thing is like. You organize the essay by describing different parts or aspects of the main subject.
Example question: Write an essay describing the polar bear.
Introduction: Introduce what a polar bear is.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Describe where the polar bear lives.
2. Describe the body of the polar bear.
3. Describe what the polar eats.
Summary paragraph: Summarize what a polar bear is.
Compare and Contrast Essay
In a compare and contrast essay, you write about the similarities and differences between two or more people, places, or things. You can organize the essay by writing about one subject first and then comparing it with the second subject. A more effective way is to organize the essay by comparing each subject by category.
Example: Write an essay comparing the weather in Vancouver and Halifax.
Introduction: Introduce weather in the cities of Vancouver and Halifax.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Compare weather in spring and summer for both
cities. State how they are similar or different.
2. Compare weather in fall and winter for both
cities. State how they are similar or different.
Summary paragraph: Summarize the similarities and differences.
Sequence Essay
In a sequence essay, you are writing to describe a series of events or a process in some sort of order. Usually, this order is based on time. You organize the essay by writing about each step of the process in the order it occurred.
Example question: Write an essay outlining the stages of the salmon life cycle.
Introduction: Describe what a salmon is like.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Describe young salmon.
2. Describe adult salmon.
3. Describe what salmon do before they die.
Summary paragraph: Summarize the main steps of the salmon life cycle.
Choice Essay
In a choice essay, you need to choose which object, idea, or action that you prefer. You organize the essay by describing each option and then giving your opinion.
Example question: Write an essay choosing between hockey in the 1890s and hockey today.
Introduction: Introduce the game of hockey.
Supporting paragraphs: 1. Describe hockey in the 1890s.
2. Describe hockey today.
3. State which form of hockey you prefer and why.
Summary paragraph: Summarize the game of hockey.
Explanation Essay
In an explanation essay, you explain how or why something happens or has happened. You need to explain different causes and effects. You should organize the essay by explaining each individual cause or effect.
Example question:
Write an essay explaining why so many Europeans moved
to Canada during the early nineteenth century.
Introduction: Give background information on European immigration during this time.
Supporting paragraphs:
1. Explain first reason: poor economy in Europe.
2. Explain second reason: better living conditions in Canada.
Summary paragraph: Summarize main reasons.
Evaluation Essay
In an evaluation essay, you make judgments about people, ideas, and possible actions. You make your evaluation based on certain criteria that you develop. Organize the essay by discussing the criteria you used to make your judgment.
Example question:
Write an essay evaluating the importance of the House of Commons.
Introduction:
Give your judgment on whether the House of Commons is important.
Supporting paragraphs:
1. Explain first criteria: meeting place for government
2. Explain second criteria: represent Canadians
3. Explain third criteria: make laws for Canada
Summary paragraph:
Conclude with an overall judgment about the House of Common
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